● Phylogenetic trees ○ Evolutionary relationship with different species ○ Find common ancestors ○ Find branching point of two species ■ Recent branching points are, closely related the species are Ex) 1) 2) 3) 4) First split separates sharks form other species Bony fishes are divided and within this division lungfishes are branches off Tetrapods Amniotes later divides farther into birds and mammals ● Humans and birds share a common ancestor. ○ Comparing to other species they are the most closely related ● Frog is the next closely related species to humans. ● Lungfish group cluster shares ancestry with ray finned fish ● Shark has farthest from all ○ Earliest diverging lineage in the tree Monophyletic vs Non-monophyletic ● Clade ○ Monophyletic group ● Monophyletic ○ MRCA + all descendents ● Non- monophyletic ○ Not include all MRCA ○ Not include all descendents look to see if the MRCA and ALL Descendants present ● Anagenesis ○ Evolutionary changes ○ No branches on lineage ○ Evolution is done within linages ○ No biological diversity is seen ● Cladogenesis ○ Evolutionary changes ○ Lineages branches off ■ Splitting of linages ■ Biological diversity could be seen ● Homology ○ Similarity between different species ○ Could mean common ancestry ■ Pterodactyl limbs in bats and dinosaurs ● Convergence ○ Non-related species with similar features due to pure evolution ■ Molecular state evolution ● Homoplasy ○ Similarity that is misleading ■ Missing traits = separates linage Convergence is opposite of Homology ● Ancestral ○ Evolution before MRCA ● Derived ○ After MRCA