University:
The University Of Western Ontario
Course:
Biology 2290F | Scientific Method in Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

137

Pages:

3
Author:

Kyuwon J.

Epidemiological Transition A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change (Abdel R Omran, 1971) • Five Propositions: 1. Mortality is a fundamental factor in population dynamics. 2. During the transition, a long-term shift occurs in mortality and disease patterns. 3. The most profound changes in health and disease patterns occur among children/youth and young women. 4. The epidemiological transition is closely associated with a demographic and socioeconomic transition. 5. Three basic models of transition: classical (western), accelerated (Japan), contemporary (developing countries/LMICs). Stages of the Epidemiological Transition 1. Age of Pestilence and Famine (I) 2. Age of Receding Pandemics (II) 3. Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases (III) 4. Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases (IV) Epidemiological Transition around the World • Countries are at different transition stages (I-IV). Epidemiological & Nutritional Transition: Impact on CVD • Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Case Studies: • • • • • Hypertension in South Africa (DHS, 2013) Hypertension in Nepal (DHS, 2023) Obesity in Nigeria (DHS, 2014, 2024) Obesity in India (DHS, 2015) Fertility and Double Burden of Malnutrition, 2020 Hypertension prevalence in South Africa (Demographic & Health Survey, N=13,596) • Prevalence = 30.4% – Women = 32.6% – Men = 27.4% Overweight/Obesity in Nigeria (2008 Demographic & Health Survey, N=29,967 women aged 15-49) • Prevalence of combined overweight and obesity = 20.9% 1 Prevalence of Hypertension in WHO Regions & LMICs • WHO, 2013 • Prevalence of Hypertension in LMICs (Sarki AM, Stranges S, et al., Medicine, 2015) – Overall prevalence = 32.3% – Associated factors: Age, Education, Overweight/Obesity Cardiovascular Health of the Canadian Population • Canadian Community Health Survey, 2001-2011 (Maclagan LC et al., CMAJ, 2014) – Key Findings: ∗ Fewer than 1 in 10 Canadian adults and 1 in 5 Canadian youth are in ideal cardiovascular health. Role of Nutrition in CVD Prevention Mediterranean Diet: • Olive Oil, Wine, Garlic, Fish, Vegetables, Legumes, Fruit as Dessert • Seven Countries Study • Epidemiological associations with reduced risk of CVD, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and increased longevity. • Effects likely from synergistic interactions rather than individual food groups. Alcohol Consumption and CVD • Addiction, 2000; Stranges et al., Hypertension, 2004 Nutritional Supplements & Chronic Disease Prevention Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation Trends • National Health Interview Survey, J Am Diet Assoc., 2004 • Use of supplements has fluctuated over the years. Vitamin E Supplementation & Mortality • Bjelakovic G., JAMA, 2007; Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012 • Findings indicate no significant mortality benefit. Selenium Supplementation & CVD Prevention • NPC Trial (1983-1996), Ann Intern Med, 2007 • Increased risk of diabetes observed in selenium-supplemented individuals. Emerging Risk Factors: Sleep & Cardiometabolic Disease Short Sleep Duration & Hypertension • The Whitehall II Study (UK) • The Western NY Health Study (US) • Short sleep duration (¡5 hours) is associated with increased hypertension risk. Sleep Problems & Obesity • Meta-analysis of 603,519 adults • Short sleep duration is linked to increased obesity risk. 2 Sleep Deprivation & Diabetes • Int J Epidemiol, 2011 • Poor sleep is an emerging risk factor for CVD outcomes. 3