Direct Agglutination Technique

Direct Agglutination Technique a. Indicator 1. Check ABO and Rhesus blood groups 2. Carry out an RA examination 3. Carry out ASO checks 4. Carry out a Widal examination b. Sub-Chapter 1. ABO and rhesus blood group examination Basic theory Blood typing is the science of classifying blood from a group based on the presence or absence of inherited antigen substances on the surface of the red blood cell membrane. This is due to differences in the types of carbohydrates and proteins on the surface of the red blood cell membrane. There are two most important types of blood group, namely ABO and Rhesus (Rh factor). Apart from the ABO and Rh systems, there are other types of blood grouping which are determined based on the antigens contained in red blood cells. In this world, there are actually around 46 types of antigens known apart from ABO and Rh antigens, only they are found more rarely. Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist who discovered 3 of the 4 blood groups in the ABO system in 1900 by examining the blood types of several of his colleagues. This simple experiment was carried out by reacting red blood cells with serum from donors. The result is two types of reaction (being the basis of antigens A and B, known as blood types A and B) and one type without reaction (having no antigens, known as blood type O). In conclusion, there are two types of antigens A and B in red blood cells, called groups A and B, or no reaction at all, called group O. Then Alfred Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli, who were still colleagues from Landsteiner, discovered blood group AB in 1901. In blood type AB, both antigens A and B are found simultaneously on red blood cells, while antibodies are not found in serum. The distribution of blood types A, B, O and AB varies in the world depending on population or race. One study shows the distribution of blood types in different populations. Rhesus The Rh factor or Rhesus (also commonly called Rhesus Factor) was first discovered in 1940 by Landsteiner and Weiner. Named rhesusbecause the research used the blood of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), one of the monkey species most commonly found in India and China. In the ABO system, what determines blood group is the A and B antigens, while in the Rh factor, the blood group determined is the Rh antigen (also known as D antigen). If a person's blood test results in the laboratory state that they do not have Rh antigen, then they have Rh negative blood (Rh), conversely if Rh antigen is found on examination, then they have Rh positive blood (Rh+). Important for Transfusion ABO and Rhesus blood group examination 1.Cell Typing Examination Objective : To find out the donor's blood typeon antigens found on red blood cells. Principle : Antigen-antibody reaction in the form of clumping (agglutination) a. Slide Test Method Using Capillary Blood Objective : As an initial examination to determine blood type donor Tools and materials: a. Object Glass b. Lancet c. Mixer d. Capillary Blood e. Anti-A serum is blue f. Anti-B serum is yellow g. Anti-AB serum is pink/colorless h. Anti-D (Rhesus) serum is colorless / clear Ways of working : 1. Prepare the reagent at room temperature 2. Place 1 drop (±50 µ) of anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB, and anti-D on the glass object 3. Massage the tip of the donor's ring/middle finger and then disinfect it with 70% alcohol 4. Piercing the ring/middle finger in a vertical position, using a blood lancet 5. Wipe the blood that first comes out of the donor's finger with dry cotton 6. Place 1 drop of blood on a glass object that has been treated with antisera 7. Stir with a stirring rod each mixture of donor blood with antisera and shake itup 8. Observe whether there is agglutination macroscopically