Appendicular Skeleton Study Guide

Appendicular Skeleton 206 bones in body, 126 in Appendicular Skeleton -Axial – skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, hyoid bone -BLUE Appendicular- rest of body, hands, legs, and attachment points Upper Limbs-Shoulder is area that attaches upper limb to trunk -Arm- between shoulder and elbow -Forearm- between elbow and wrist -Wrist -Hands What makes the Shoulder/ Pectoral Girdle: 2 bones on each side. Pectoral Girdle is responsible for attaching arm to trunk. Pectoral Girdle: 2 bones on each side: 1) 2 clavicles/collar boneS SHAPED, 2 ENDS-one is rounder, called Acromial End. (articulates with acromion of scapula) Other side called Sternal end (articulates with sternum) 2) 2 scapulae (one in back-triangular)- has many parts -one called spine- space above spine is called supraspinous fossa Space below spine is called infraspinous fossa -Round projection on scapula called Acromion -Coracoid process is another projection (not so round, flattish), -Glenoid cavity (articulates with head of humerus) Arm- has only one bone- humerus Humerus bone- has many parts: -head - greater tubercle (lateral) -lesser tubercle(medial) -Anatomical neck -Surgical neck -Deltoid tuberosity (deltoid muscle) -Epicondyles (medial and lateral) At bottom, projections/condyles: -One is rounder-Capitulum -One is sharper- Trochlea Radius and Ulna- 2 bones that connect to humerus, -Radius is more lateral, thumb side, -Ulna is more medial. -Head of Radius articulates with capitulum - Head of Ulna articulates with trochlea. - top part of Ulna looks like U Ulna has process that makes elbow- Olecranon Trochlear notch- trochlea of humerus goes in it Radial notch -radius goes in this notch Radius: head & radial tuberosity Styloid process of radius and Ulna Radius and Ulna Diagram: Radius: Head & radial tuberosity Styloid process of radius and ulna Interosseous membrane- between radius and ulna Proximally… Radial notch- place that Radius will go into Ulna (not in radius, in ULNA). Trochlear notch- where trochlea goes into Ulna (in ULNA, NOT TROCHELAR) Distally… Ulnar notch of radius articulates with head of Ulna is on bottom Proximal and distal radioulnar joints- come together Proximally, the head of radius articulates with radius notch (in ulna) of the ulna Distally, the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch(in radius) of the radius WRIST- on each side, has 8 bones, called CARPALS- 16 for both hands HINT: So long, Top part here comes the tongue Scaphoid, lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium METACARPALS- 5 on each hand, 10 in both hands PHALANGEALS- Each phalangeal has 3 bones, except thumb, 14 on each side, thumb has only 2 (28 for both hand) Proximal, Middle, Distal- only thumb has no middle YAD(14)- 14 bones LOWER LIMBS: Femur- in thigh, longest and strongest bone in body Lower limb is attached to trunk by Pelvic bone/HIP/Gluetal Region- made up of 2 os coxae/hip bones. Each coxal/hip bone is made up of 3 bones that fuse together but considered one bone- os coxae or hip bones1) Ileum(superior) biggest bone of hip bone, greater siotic notch, where siotic nerve passes thru, lesser siotic notch 2) Ischium- most posterior part, sit on it, ischial tuberosity. 3) Pubis- most anterior- 2 pubis join together with pubic symphysis(fibrocartilage) Head of femur goes inside the round area- acetabulum Sacroiliac Joint- Sacrum is attached to lilium of pelvic bone- what attaches lower limb to trunk -Thigh -Leg -Foot False Pelvis vs True pelvisFrom Sacral Promontory to pubic symphysis: make a line –PELVIC BRIM anything above line is FALSE PELVIS- contains no organs except urinary balder when full and uterus during pregnancy Anything below line is TRUE PELVIS Pelvic Axis- where child passes thru labor: Male pelvis is narrower, pubic arch is less than 90 degrees, smaller inlet and outlet (pelvic brim) Female Pelvis- wider/rounder, has bigger inlet and outlet (baby goes thru that area), pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees THIGH: -has one bone called femur, longest, heaviest and strongest bone of body Femur has -head -neck -greater(lateral) and lesser trochanter (medial) -Head of femur goes into acetabulum (hole part of pelvic girdle) -On bottom, Femur articulates with Patella and with Tibia Fibula(lateral) and Tibia (medial, thicker one) -Medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles - Patella femoral joints- where femur joins with patella -People who exercise a lot, put a lot of stress on Patellofemoral joint- Runners knee syndrome PATELLA: Only sesamoid bone in body 2 bones of leg: Tibia- bigger, more medial, articulates with femur Fibula- doesn’t articulate with femur, articulates with tibia and some tarsals, more lateral -Have proximal and distal fibular tibular joints -have membranes between bones- Interosseous membrane 2 bones have extension- called Malleolus-Medial malleus- Tibia -Lateral malleolus- Fibula (L FOR LATERAL)- ankle bone TARSAL/METATARSAL/PHALANGEALS: 7 TARSALS ON EACH FOOT, 14 ON BOTH -Largest tarsal bone- Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, 3 cuneiforms, 1 cuboid 5 METATARSALS ON EACH FOOT, 10 ON BOTH 14 PHALANGEALS ON EACH FOOT, 28 ON BOTH Each toe has 3 parts: proximal middle, distal except the: Great toe has only 2 parts (proximal and distal) Healthy foot has ARCH- if don’t have it, don’t run well – flatfeet Joints of the Foot- tarsometatarsal, interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal LAB for CHAPTER 8: Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones in Appendicular Skeleton Limbs+ Appendages(attach to trunk) Pectoral girdle/shoulder- 4 bones: 2 clavicle and 2 scapula Sharp extension- spine (above spine- superspinous forsa, beow spine..) Round projection- Acromion Projection – caracoid process Glenoid cavity- what bone goes on this? Humerus Clavicle is S shaped – round part(acromial end) and flat part (sternal end) HUmerus- head, greater and lesser tubercle, 2 round process,(trochleajoins with Ulna, Capitellum joins with radius.) -Radius (thumb side) has head, tuberosity, styloid process -ULNA- u shaped, trochlear notch, and radial notch(head of radius goes inside), styloid process (Sharp) - Carpals- 8 in each hand - Meta carpals- 5 in each hand - PHALANGEALS – 14 in each hand(YAD=14)- each finger has proximal, middle, distal except thumb - CARPALS Schapoid, Lunate, Pisiform, Triquetrum, trapezoid, trapezium Capitate Os Coxae/hip bones: Ilium(superior), Pubis(anterior), Ischium (most posterior)- sit on it, Ischial Verosity Notch- greater sciatic notch Osetoblym- head of femur goes inside Sacroiliac joint Male- taller and heavier pelvis, pubic arch is less than 90 degrees Female- arch is more than 90 degrees Above pelvic brim- false pelvis, below is true pelvis FEMUR: head, neck, greater trochanter, leser trochanter At end, has medial andlateral condyles, on top is medial and lateral epicondyle, Femur articulates with tibia and patella Tibial Tuberosity, Tibia is medial, Fibia is lateral Both have same processes, called meliolis (media on tibial and lateral on fibia) Tarzal bones – 7 in each foot L(ateral malleos of fibula- ankle bone) 5 metatarsals on each foot 14 phalangeal on each foot