An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 82 Practice Questions

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1) The study of the structure of individual cells is called A) cytology. B) histology. C) embryology. D) physiology. E) anatomy. Answer: A 2) The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ________ anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) systemic D) regional E) surgical Answer: B 3) The study of all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body is called ________ anatomy. A) surface B) regional C) surgical D) medical E) radiographic Answer: B 4) An ear, nose, and throat specialist is concerned with the study of ________ anatomy. A) gross B) surface C) microscopic D) systemic E) regional Answer: C 5) The study of the liver is to macroscopic anatomy as the study of the liver cell is to A) physiology. B) regional anatomy. C) microscopic anatomy. D) systemic anatomy. E) radiographic anatomy. Answer: B 6) The study of early developmental processes is termed A) histology. B) embryology. C) cytology. D) pathology. E) organology. Answer: B 7) The study of the function of specific organ systems is called A) system physiology. B) special physiology. C) cell physiology. D) histophysiology. E) histology. Answer: A 8) The branch of physiology that deals with changes in function resulting from disease is called A) histophysiology. B) special physiology. C) system physiology. D) pathological physiology. E) physiological chemistry. Answer: D 9) Arrange the following list of levels of organization from the smallest level to the largest level. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. organelle 5. organism 6. organ system A) 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5 B) 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5 C) 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5 D) 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5 E) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6 Answer: B 10) Support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation are functions of the ________ system. A) integumentary B) muscular C) skeletal D) nervous E) endocrine Answer: C 11) Locomotion and heat production are the functions of the ________ system. A) skeletal B) muscular C) respiratory D) lymphatic E) cardiovascular Answer: D 12) The internal transport of cells and dissolved substances is the function of the ________ system. A) integumentary B) endocrine C) nervous D) cardiovascular E) respiratory Answer: D 13) The kidneys and urinary bladder are organs of the ________ system. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) urinary E) lymphatic Answer: A 14) The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are organs of the ________ system. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) respiratory D) lymphatic E) digestive Answer: A 15) Defense against infection and disease is the function of the ________ system. A) cardiovascular B) lymphatic C) respiratory D) urinary E) endocrine Answer: B 16) Lungs are to the respiratory system as the spleen is to the ________ system. A) lymphatic B) urinary C) digestive D) cardiovascular E) both A and D Answer: E 17) Skin, hair, and nails are associated with the ________ system. A) skeletal B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) both A and B Answer: C 18) The maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment in an organism is termed A) positive feedback. B) homeostasis. C) negative feedback. D) effector control. E) integration. Answer: B 19) When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) nonhomeostatic regulation. D) diagnostic regulation. E) disease. Answer: A 20) In general, the nervous system does each of the following, except A) helps to maintain homeostasis. B) responds rapidly to change. C) directs long-term responses to change. D) directs very specific responses. E) both B and D Answer: C 21) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? A) releases chemical messengers called hormones B) produces a more rapid response to body changes than the nervous system C) can produce effects that last for days or longer D) can produce an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time E) important homeostatic system Answer: B 22) A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the A) supine position. B) prone position. C) anatomical position. D) frontal position. E) sagittal position. Answer: C 23) Which of the following terms refers to the front or chest and abdominal regions of the body? A) anterior B) posterior C) dorsal D) ventral E) both A and D Answer: E 24) Which of the following structures is lateral to the nose? A) eyes B) mouth C) ears D) chin E) both A and C Answer: C 25) The wrist is ________ to the elbow. A) proximal B) distal C) lateral D) medial E) horizontal Answer: B 26) The chest is ________ to the umbilicus. A) anterior B) superior C) posterior D) inferior E) medial Answer: B 27) Which of the following regions corresponds to the lower back? A) pelvic B) cephalic C) gluteal D) lumbar E) thoracic Answer: D 28) Which of the following regions corresponds to the upper arm? A) cervical B) brachial C) antebrachial D) femoral E) pedal Answer: B 29) A cut that passes parallel through the long axis of the body and divides the body into equal left and right halves is known as a A) frontal section. B) coronal section. C) transverse section. D) midsagittal section. E) parasagittal section. Answer: D 30) The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________. A) pleural cavity; mediastinum B) thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity C) pericardial cavity; pleural cavity D) abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity E) pericardial sac; pericardial cavity Answer: B 31) The thoracic cavity contains the A) coelom. B) pericardial cavity. C) pelvic cavity. D) pleural cavities. E) both B and D Answer: E 32) The mediastinum separates the ________ from the ________. A) pleural cavity; coelom B) thoracic cavity; peritoneal cavity C) right pleural cavity; left pleural cavity D) abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity E) pericardial sac; pericardial cavity Answer: E 33) The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the A) pericardium. B) peritoneum. C) pleura. D) mediastinum. E) abdomen. Answer: B 34) Mary, who is 6 months pregnant, goes to her physician for a test to check the development of her fetus. The physician uses a device that emits sound waves to produce an image of the fetus. This technique is known as A) X ray. B) CT. C) MRI. D) ultrasound. E) radiography. Answer: D 35) A diagnostic technique that uses a computer to produce sectional views of the body from X rays is the A) angiogram. B) radiograph. C) CT scan. D) MRI scan. E) ultrasound. Answer: C 36) When a variation outside normal limits triggers a response that restores the normal condition, the regulatory mechanism involves A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) compensation. D) adaptation. E) habituation. Answer: A 37) In positive feedback, the initial stimulus produces a response that A) suppresses the stimulus. B) has no effect on the stimulus. C) interferes with the completion of the process. D) exaggerates the stimulus. E) impedes the stimulus. Answer: D 38) The diaphragm divides the ventral body cavity into a superior ________ cavity and an inferior ________ cavity. A) pleural; pericardial B) abdominal; pelvic C) thoracic; abdominopelvic D) cranial; thoracic E) cranial; cervical Answer: C 39) Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________. A) function; form B) form; structure C) structure; function D) structure; form E) growth; form Answer: C 40) Advancing knowledge by forming a question, collecting data related to the query, observing and experimenting, and testing answers is employing A) the scientific method. B) the critical method. C) a theoretical method. D) a structural method. E) none of these. Answer: A 41) An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be A) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus. B) sweat glands that increase secretion. C) regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. D) effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate. E) sweat glands that act like effectors. Answer: A 42) The control center within a negative feedback loop that affects body temperature is also known as A) the effector. B) the integration center. C) homeostasis. D) the positive feedback center. E) the homeostatic mechanism. Answer: B 43) A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) A) receptor. B) thermoregulator. C) hypothalamus. D) effector. E) stimulus. Answer: D 44) This type of feedback amplifies the effects of a system. A) negative B) positive C) neutral D) depressing E) all of the above Answer: B 45) Homeostasis is to ________ as gross anatomy is to ________. A) intervals; microscopic anatomy B) macroscopic anatomy; unbalance C) equilibrium; macroscopic anatomy D) balance; equilibrium E) imbalance; microscopic anatomy Answer: C 46) The four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include A) right upper quadrant (RUQ). B) right lower quadrant (RLQ). C) left upper quadrant (LUQ). D) left lower quadrant (LLQ). E) all of the above. Answer: E 47) Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region? A) right hypochondriac B) right inguinal region C) left lumbar D) left hypochondriac E) right upper Answer: E 48) Identify an organ located within the pleural cavity. A) heart B) small intestine C) lung D) spleen E) stomach Answer: C 49) A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position. A) prone B) supine C) posterior D) dorsal E) caudal Answer: B 50) The right pleural cavity surrounds the A) heart. B) trachea. C) left lung. D) right lung. E) digestive organs. Answer: D 51) The abdominopelvic cavity includes A) the abdominal cavity. B) the pericardial cavity. C) the pelvic cavity. D) the mediastinum. E) A and C Answer: E 52) Visceral pericardium is located A) on the heart itself. B) lining the pleural cavity. C) lining the pericardial cavity. D) on the lung itself. E) lining the spinal cavity. Answer: A 53) The mediastinum A) contains the abdominal cavity. B) separates the pleural cavities. C) contains the pericardial cavity. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: E 54) ________ is the study of life. A) Anatomy B) Biology C) Physiology D) Cytology E) Embryology Answer: B 55) Identify the correctly spelled term describing the organ that separates the ventral body cavity into superior (thoracic) and inferior (abdominopelvic) cavities. A) mediastinum B) meadiastinum C) diaphragm D) diafragm E) diaphram Answer: C 56) Terms of position are used to describe A) one body part in relation to another. B) the muscular system. C) the nervous system. D) the skeletal system. E) living matter. Answer: A 57) Two major body cavities are the A) superior and inferior. B) inferior and dorsal. C) dorsal and ventral. D) ventral and inferior. E) superior and dorsal. Answer: C 58) The spleen would be found in the ________ quadrant, while the appendix would be found in the ________ quadrant. A) right upper; right lower B) left upper; left lower C) right upper; right upper D) left upper; right lower E) right upper; left upper Answer: D 59) The liver is primarily located in the ________ region. A) left inguinal B) right inguinal C) epigastric D) left lumbar E) right lumbar Answer: C 12 60) While standing erect, the direction of caudal is A) upward. B) downward. C) laterally. D) medially. E) none of these. Answer: B 61) While standing in the anatomical position, A) front refers to anterior. B) front refers to ventral. C) back refers to posterior. D) back refers to dorsal. E) all of the above Answer: E 62) A chemical imbalance in a heart muscle cell can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that A) all organisms are composed of cells. B) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. C) chemical molecules make up cells. D) all cells are independent of each other. E) congenital defects can be life-threatening. Answer: B 63) The branch of biological science that deals with the external and internal structure of body parts and their physical relationships is called ________. Answer: anatomy 64) The branch of biological science that deals with the function of organs and organ systems is called ________. Answer: physiology 65) The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called ________. Answer: homeostasis 66) Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that is sensitive to a particular stimulus and a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. Answer: receptor; effector 13 67) ________ occurs when the activities of cells, tissues, organs, or systems change intrinsically. Answer: Autoregulation 68) ________ results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine systems. Answer: Extrinsic regulation 69) In ________ feedback, the initial stimulus produces a response that escalates the stimulus. Answer: positive 70) When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of ________. Answer: disease 71) A person lying face down in the anatomical position is in the ________ position. Answer: prone 72) A person lying face up in the anatomical position is in the ________ position. Answer: supine 73) A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a(n) ________ section. Answer: parasagittal 74) The term for techniques that involve radioisotopes or sources of radiation outside of the body is ________. Answer: radiological procedures 75) The gluteus can be found in the ________ region. Answer: gluteal 76) The cervicis is located in the ________ region. Answer: cervical 77) The common name for the olecranon is the ________. Answer: elbow 14 78) The common name for the patella is the ________. Answer: kneecap 79) In which body cavity would each of the following organs or organ systems be? A) brain, spinal cord B) cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems C) heart, lungs D) stomach, intestines E) kidneys, pancreas Answer: A) dorsal cavity; B) ventral cavity; C) thoracic cavity; D) abdominopelvic cavity; E) abdominopelvic cavity 80) Name the two upper abdominal quadrants and list the organs that lie in each. Answer: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, large and small intestines; Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine 81) What is homeostatic regulation, and what is its physiological importance? Answer: Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments in physiological systems that are responsible for the preservation of homeostasis. 82) During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. The initial response that increases blood flow is automatic and independent of the nervous and endocrine systems. Which type of homeostatic regulation is this? Why? Answer: The initial increase in blood flow to active muscles is an example of autoregulation. The increased demands for oxygen and for waste removal cause a local increase in blood flow even before responses from the nervous or endocrine system take place. Autoregulation is an immediate and automatic response to environmental change (in this case, low oxygen levels and increased wastes) that does not require the nervous or endocrine system.