University:
University of Virginia
Course:
BIOL 1040 | The DNA Revolution in Science and Society
Academic year:

2024
Views:

320

Pages:

2
Author:

Kayli N.

Central Dogma – aids in one-way information flow Transcription = creates RNA (messenger RNA) DNA -> Transcription -> RNA -> Translation -> Amino Acid Chain -> Folding -> Protein Genes are regulated in Myriad/many ways: including transcription initiation, splicing, persistence/degradation of mRNAs Transcription from DNA to RNA ● Different enzymes unwind DNA to transcribe an RNA message from individual messages and winds DNA back up ● RNA messages transported to Cytoplasm (form information molecule to make proteins) ● DNA is being unwind and taking up RNA nucleotides to build chain and NTPs: sugar, phosphate, base, are added Translation from RNA to Protein ● ● ● ● ● ● Ribosome (composed of RNA) takes up messenger RNA Codons (triplets of 3 nucleotides) code for an animo acid TRNA transfers amino acid to peptides bonds to form proteins Introns: spliced out/not used Exons: stays in If produces lots or little: ○ Cyst Acting Unit: close to the same ○ Trans: further away ● Poly-A is added ● Enzymes can destroy RNA, so it builds in protection Gene Expression Regulation ● Transcription & Translation ● Post-Transcription RNA (Processing/Stabilizing) ● Post-Translation modification (protein folding/degeneration) Epigenetics: sum of chromatin template changes that propagate different gene expression (transcription) and silencing from the genome ● Al chemical changes that can impact the gene expressions ● NOT nucleotide changes, those are affected by genetic mutations The Famine Ended 70 Years ago but Duch Genes Still BEar Scars ● Controlled Pregnant woman before, during, and after Starvation ● “The Cold Babies” had life-long outcomes (education, salary, longevity, etc.) was affected if they were under starvation during pregnancy ○ The stress added epigenetic tags that persisted, which can turn off genes at the wrong place and time ○ This can affect genes from generations on How the Great Depression Shaped People’s DNA: ● Uncontrolled Starvation that led to similar results ○ Ex. People below poverty lines have different epigenetic tags than people above the poverty lives due to the life they live and how it affects generations Hox Genes: determines if genes are turned on and what genes develop into in the appropriate time and place (create/decide cell fates) ● Determines the phenotype, ex. Leg, wing ● If wrong time and place – causes defects (rare) ● Local expression of hox genes determines local cell proliferation (differential cell growth) and limb formation ● Position info to tell genes to turn on/off/proliferation ● As limb grows, it has different hox genes throughout to grow diff cells = diff function Ex. Starfish: anteroposterior patterning of stacking so unsure of where is the head and end are. Still has hox genes, but none in the disembodied head Take Home Messages ● Central Dogma: one gene, one RNA, one protein ● Epigenetics: chemical modification of DNA that affects expression and histone and chromatin modifications. Environment interacts with genome ● Environment can affect gene expression ● Appropriate time and spatial location of gene expression creates accurate morphology ● Hox Genes: divergences in limb morphology in vertebrates by changes in gene expression

The Central Dogma

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