Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes (Intro to the Cell)

1. Define Cell Biology Study of cell structure and functions 2. What is a cell? Smallest, basic unit of life responsible for all life's processes 3. List three things cells can do: 1. Provide structure for the body 2. Absorb nutrients from food and convert it into energy to carry out specialised functions 3. Make copies of themselves 4. What feautures do all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic share? 1. DNA 2. Plasma Membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribsomes 5. What does prokaryotes mean? Before nuclei (No nucleus) 6. What gave rise to eukaryotes? Prokaryotes 7. What don't prokaryotic cells Nucleus and membrane bound organelles have? 8. What are the 4 basic shapes Bacillus (rod-like) of bacteria? (and draw) Coccus (Spherical) Vibrio (Comma shaped) Spirillum (spiral) 9. List some prokaryotes 1. Bacteria 2. Blue-Green Algae 3. Mycoplasma/PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms) 4. Cyanobacteria 10. Draw prokaryotic cell and label its parts (9). 1/7 11. What is the capsule for in prokaryotes? Protective coat to prevent phagocytosis 12. What is phagocytosis? Bacteria is engulfed by other eukaryotic cells (e.g macrophages) 13. What is the nucleiod? Central region of cell containing DNA 14. What does the nucleoid give Unique phenotypic (how you look) characters the cell? 15. What are plasmids made of? Circular genomic DNA and proteins 16. What do ribosomes do? Protein synthesis & site of translation 17. What are ribosomes composed of in prokaryotes? 50S and 30S subunits to form 70S 18. How do polyribosome chains Several ribosomes attach to a single mRNA form? 19. What is the function of the cell wall? Structure and protection from the outside environment (supports and protects plasma membrane) Also allows for cell movement & plays a role in cell division 20. What are bacteria's cell wall Carbohydrates and Proteins called peptidomade from? glycans form a rigid cell wall 21. What is the function of the plasma membrane? Control transfer of substances in and out of the cell. 22. What is the capsule made of? Carbohydrates 2/7 23. What does the capsule help Attach to surfaces bacterium to do? 24. What function do Pili have? Attachment and DNA transfer 25. What shape is pili's? Rod-shaped 26. What is the function of flagel- Locomotion la? 27. Which cell (prokaryotic or eu- Eukaryotic karyotic) has a bigger flagella? 28. Define eukaryotes Good or True nuclei (has nucleus) 29. List some eukaryotic cells: 1. Animals 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Protists 30. What do eukaryotic cells have? Membrane bound organelles and nucleus 31. Draw and label a eukaryotic cell 32. What does the nucleus con- DNA tain? 33. What is the function of the nucleus? Stores genetic information 34. What is the function of the nucleolus? Ribosome synthesis/ Ribosomal RNA is produced 3/7 35. What is the cell membrane composed of? Lipid bilayer, proteins and carbohydrates 36. What are ribosomes in the eukaryotic cell composed of? 60S & 40S subunits that for 80S 37. What is the mitochondria? Powerhouse of the cell 38. What is the function of the mitochondria? Energy production in the form of ATP (aerobic respiration) 39. What does the number, Physiological activity shape and size of mitochondrion per cell depend on? 40. Where are chloroplasts found? Only in plant cells 41. What is the function of chloroplasts? Site of photosynthesis 42. What is the cytoplasm? Fluid inside the cell 43. What is the cytoplasm com- Cytosol, water and organic/inorganic subposed of? stances 44. What is the function of the cytoplasm? Site of chemical reactions; e.g glycolysis 45. What does the cytoplasm carry out? Cell expansion, growth and replication 46. What is glycolysis? First step of cellular respiration, occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen and oxidises glucose to produce 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH and 2 ATP 47. What is the endomembrane Group of organelles/membranes that have system? coordinated functions 4/7 48. What is the endomembrane Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, system composed of? Lysosymes & Vacuoles 49. What are vesicles and vacuoles involved in? Transportation and Storage 50. What is the endoplasmic reticulum? Network of tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm 51. What are the two compart- Luminal (inside ER) and extra luminal (cytoments of endoplasmic retic- plasm) ulum? 52. What is the difference in the Rough ER has ribosomes on the outside and appearance of Smooth ER Smooth ER has no ribosomes present and Rough ER? 53. What is the role of Smooth ER? Major site for lipid syntheses 54. What is the role of Rough ER? Protein synthesis and secretion 55. What is synthesis in Smooth Lipid-like steroidal hormones ER is animal cells? 56. What is the function of Golgi Processes and packages proteins and lipid apparatus? molecules (especially proteins that are going to be exported from the cell) 57. Why does the Golgi appara- Proteins received from ER are further tus act as a factory? processed and sorted to be transported to their destinations; e.g lysozymes, plasma membrane or secretion 58. What is the function of lysozymes? Digestive enzymes that break down material taken up from the outside of the cell and digest obsolete (old/out of date) components off the cell 5/7 59. What is cytosol? Fluid part of the cytoplasm 60. What is contained in the cy- Organelles tosol? 61. Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular? Only Unicellular 62. Are eukaryotes unicellular or Multicellular and Unicellular (both) multicellular? 63. Which is bigger, prokaryotes Eukaryotes (10-100 micrometers in diameter) or eukaryotes? are bigger than prokaryotes (0.2-2 micrometers in diameter) 64. How do prokaryotes reproduce? Asexually via binary fission 65. How do eukaryotes reproduce? Sexually and Asexually via mitosis 66. Describe the DNA arrangement in prokaryotes. Circular 67. Describe the DNA arrangement in eukaryotes. Linear 68. What don't prokaryotes have - Mitochondria but eukaryotes do? - ER - Lysozymes - Centrosomes 69. Describe transcription and translation in prokaryotes. Transcription and translation are coupled. Translation begins during mRNA synthesis 70. Describe transcription and translation in eukaryotes. Transcription and translation are not coupled. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and produces mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm once mRNA leaves the nucleus 6/7 71. How is antibiotic resistance Using plasmids in bacteria achieved? 7/7