University:
University of Wolverhampton
Course:
4PY019 | Pharmacy
Academic year:

2023
Views:

286

Pages:

2
Author:

Carisma

Normative ethics-branch defining specific standards/principles to guide ethical conduct Several ethical theories defining the right thing to do 3 influential ethical reasonings in healthcare ethics: Deontological Utilitarian/consequential Principles of healthcare Deontology: Doing the right thing Rule-based approach always to do your duty forming the basis of many ethical codes Decisions based on rules that should be followed not dependant on consequences or outcome but the action itself, this is morally correct in itself (the action) Concerned with moral rules Difficult to objectively determine what is morally correct, not all of us interpret the same way so who is correct? Immanuel Kent- underpinning this theory Reason as the basis of our status as moral agents (by reasoning carefully) Using Kane’s categorical imperative: Humans are intrinsically valuable due to autonomy & ability to reflect & act Universalisability 1)value of humans Emphasis on importance of humans beings, we cannot be over-ridden and should be treated with dignity We all possess certain characteristics that distinguish us from all other living things i.e. autonomy and capacity for reflection, judgement & action 2)universalisability Everybody to abide by, a universal law Conflicting duties may occur Utilitarianism: Form of consequentialism Focusing on outcome and consequences of an action, best possible outcome is the right action i.e. costbenefit Action may be wrong but better outcome may mean it is sill the correct thing to do Abandoning the notion of justice Principlism: Specific and commonly recognised moral principles applied to health care ethics Principle representing serious but not absolute moral duty should be weighed against other duties in resolving in ethical conflict/ dilemma Checklist of moral obligations Beau champ & Childress 1)non-maleficence 2)beneficence 3)respect for autonomy 4)justice ———————————————————————————————— Veracity Fidelity Confidentiality Privacy Non-maleficence: Avoid cause of harm Avoid any harm caused by deliberate action, unintentional incorrect action(neglect/ignorance), omission Minimising Any harm, avoid acting in ways likely to cause needless harm Beneficence: Provide benefits and to balance benefits against risks Prevention of harm or removal of harm ProMotion of well being and positive good i.e. counselling a patient Respect for autonomy: Respect of decision making capacity of autonomous persons To allow formulation of own acts plans, desires & wishes Consent & mental competence allowing self-determination capacity to think, decide & act freely Paternalism- infringe authors autonomy and make the best decision Depriving of dignity when violating someone’s ability to be self-determining and treat them lesser as a person