E-Endospores Study Documents

endospores WHAT ARE THEY? formed by a few gram tve nasien ore bacillus & Clostridium spores produced when bacteria are in unfavourable conditions for survivival die extreme changes of temperature & lack of nutrients or Starvation - can remain dormant for long amounts of time offering protection savening dispersion of baciena IMPORTANCE OF SPORES: esistant Structures require sterilisation ore Autoclave 121 C to kill most bagerial sporer Responsible for causing many infections ble food poisoning, teranus, anthrax Beneficial uter cuch as vaccine delivery. A promenes STRUCTURE OF SPORES Exposorium - ontermost layer of proteins spore coat layer of spore-specific proteins -cortex loosiey linued pepridoglycan Spore colorte Exosporiu m DN Core wall THE CORE Consisting of cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomer & omer essenriaus dipicolinic acid DPA, a chemical characteristic is found in vegmanve cos ↓ hear resistance contributed DPA high co ons levens - lower than vegetarive cell more H ions 4 ve acidic Parriony devydraard 0.15% water gel live consistency H.S. Pank TC High levels small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) specific proteins produced during sporulation & combine with DNA to protect onA from chemical/entymatic degradation SPORE VISUALISATION Vegetat Fixationsp Highly refracrive & appear bright mase contur microscopy Stain with Ratachit Gre Heat impearmeable to dyes so appear as unstained regions with basic dyer Decolourise Bean SPORES FOR IDENTIFICATION: can form in different locations within bacterial cells terminal subterminal central lateral distended (swollen) Clostridium terani SPOPULATION: bacillus subtiri bacillus cereus GERMINATION : endosperms can remain dormant for 100/Millions of years D1 . e. frozen permafrost can germinate very fast D . e· few minutes with> phases with favourable conditions/less unfavourable conditions 1) Activation el germination Soutgrowth Activation : triggered by heating at sub-lethal temperatures/in response to nutrients 1 . e . amino-acids , sugars , nucleosides Germination : It ions release 4 pH of core -> release DPA - hydration of core H20 influx -> peptidoglycan hydrolysis - core swelling outgrowth : enzyme activation # SASP degredation -> Macromolecular Synthesis -> spore escape SPORE FORMING BACTERIA : clostridium : - Clostridium tetani, clostridium difficile , Clostridium perfringens , clostridium botulinum Bacillus : - bacillus annaracis , bacillus cerus , bacillus thuringiensis , bacillus subtilis BACILLUS ANTHARACIS : cause of anthrax , a disease of herbivores although humans can get this too ↳ biological weapons : easily disseminated , people transmissable , high mortality rate infection may come in 3 forms - Cutaneous , inhalation , gastrointestinal CUTANEOUS-SHIN : 95 % B - anthracis infections causing nicer with black centre from wool , hider , leathers, hair products rare death with treatment although , vaccines are available gastrointestinal : rarest form from eating contaminated meats with B .autharicis spores ↳ causing acute intestinal inflammation,lesions , soreness in throat with fatality rater at 25-60 % 1 MHALATION : deadliest form - severe breathing problems-lbacteremia &, septic shock usually fatal even with treatment with up to 85 % fatality rate CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI : teranus toxin produced affecting Inhipatory nervous molecules that help muscle relaxation ↳ causingtetanus & is life threatening infections are usually through soil contaminated wound but vaccinations are available CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS : Part of normal gut flora Survival of cooking causing food poisoning a leads to gastroenteritis 24hrs responsible for so-95 % of gas gangrene I enters gut ,damaged tissue causes & produces enzymet & toxins CIOSTRIDIUM BOTUNILINUM : - botox usee food poisoning cause maylead to botulism after spore germination producing toxin botulinum (neurotoxin preventing Muscle contraction). High mortality rate CLOSTRIDIUM DIffICILE : found in large intestine canic of pseudomembranous colitis , Septic shock a diarrhoea a can be fatal