10/22/24, 11:07 PM OneNote Verbal Presentation Monday, October 21, 2024 10:51 PM Hypertension (HTN) 1. Professional Communication (1 minute) • Introduction: • "Hello, I’m [Your Name], a student pharmacist. Today, I’ll be discussing Hypertension." • Maintain professionalism and use clear, concise medical terminology. 2. Background Information (2 minutes) • Introduction: • Hypertension is a condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke. • Epidemiology: • Approximately 1.28 billion adults worldwide have hypertension, making it a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. • Classification: • Primary Hypertension: No identifiable cause, accounts for 90-95% of cases. • Risk Factors: • Age, high sodium diet, and obesity. 3. Pathophysiology and Etiology (1 minute) • Pathophysiology: • Increased peripheral resistance from narrowed or stiffened arteries and increased cardiac output over time damages blood vessels. • Etiology: • Primarily idiopathic (unknown), but secondary cases can result from kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or certain medications. 4. Signs and Symptoms (1 minute) • Symptoms: • Headache, dizziness, and blurred vision. • Diagnostic Criteria: • Blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg (Stage 1) or ≥140/90 mmHg (Stage 2), measured on at least two separate occasions, as per the 2023 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines. 5. Treatment (2 minutes) • Pharmacological Approach: 10/22/24, 11:07 PM OneNote • First-line: ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril), ARBs (e.g., losartan), calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), and thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide), based on the 2023 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines. ▪ Clinical Pearls: ▪ ACE inhibitors: Monitor for hyperkalemia and dry cough. ▪ Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine): May cause peripheral edema, especially at higher doses. ▪ Thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide): Monitor electrolytes, especially potassium. • Second-line: beta-blockers (metoprolol), non-DHP CCBs (diltiazem), loop diuretics (furosemide) • Rationale for General Approach: First-line agents are chosen based on their proven efficacy in reducing blood pressure and their protective effects on the heart and kidneys. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are particularly favored for their additional benefits in patients with diabetes or heart failure. Second-line agents are added based on specific patient needs, such as the presence of comorbid conditions. For instance, beta-blockers are indicated for patients with ischemic heart disease, while diuretics may be necessary for those with volume overload. • Non-pharmacological Strategies: • Reducing sodium intake and regular exercise. • Duration of Therapy: • Usually lifelong to maintain target blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk. 6. Guidelines: • Based on the 2023 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines. 7. Questions (1 minute) • Be ready to answer questions on specific treatment regimens, patient education, and lifestyle recommendations.

Hypertension Verbal Presentation

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