Psychology Crib Notes

Psychology Crib Notes People 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wundt- "Father of Psychology": Introspection Wertheimer- Gestalt Psychology Titchener- Structuralism James- Functionalism Watson- Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study" Freud- Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free association; structure of personality; stages of development; defense mechanisms 6. Milgram- Obedience; Ethics 7. Broca- left frontal lobe: associated with expressive language 8. Wernicke- left temporal lobe: receptive language 9. Pavlov- Classical conditioning: dogs 10. Thorndike- Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect 11. Skinner- Operant conditioning: rats and pigeons; Behaviorist 12. Tolman- Latent learning; cognitive maps 13. Bandura- Observational learning: Bobo Dolls, Social-Cognitive Theory 14. Ebbinghaus- Forgetting: Decay Model 15. Chomsky- (Native Theorist) Inherent Existence of sets of cognitive structures 16. Whorf- Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis 17. Washoe, Sara and Koko- Ape language studies 18. Jung- Collective unconscious; archetypes; Psychoanalytic 19. Horney- Basic childhood anxiety; Psychoanalytic 20. Erikson- Life crisis; psychosocial development; Psychoanalytic 21. Adler- Inferiority Complex; Psychoanalytic 22. Piaget- Stages of Cognitive Development; Cognitive theorist 23. Rogers- Client-centered; unconditional positive regard; transactional Analysis 24. Albert Ellis- Rational Emotive Therapy; Cognitive Theorist 25. Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs; Humanistic 26. Sheldon- Somatotyping: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph 27. Binet- I.Q. 28. Eysenck- Biological model of Personality; Trait-type hierarchy 29. Harlow- Monkey Studies; Attachment 30. Lorenz- "Survival of the Fittest Theory" and imprinting 31. Phineas Gage- Railroad spike; damaged (limbic system), emotions/motivational control center 32. Aaron Beck- Cognitive therapy treating depression 33. Murray- Need to achieve; TAT 34. Allport- Trait Approach-cardinal, central, secondary 35. Cattell- Crystallized Fluid Intelligence 36. Kelly- Personal Construct Theory 37. Mischel- Social-learning theory 38. Gilligan- examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility (turtle and Hare scenario) Approaches: General: Behaviorism- Environmental: learning; nurture Biological- Physiology; genetics; nature Cognitive- Mental Processes Psychoanalytic- Unconscious, childhood Humanistic- Free Will; basis goodness Multicultural- Socio Cultural; role of structure Gestalt- Emphasizes the organization process in behavior. Focuses on problem of perception Personality: Psychoanalytic- People are driven by instincts, largely sexual Behaviorist- Behavior is personality; determined by history of reinforcement HumanisticPeople are inherently good, society ruins them, people strive to satisfy a hierarchy of motives toward self-actualization Cognitive- People are rational and want to predict and control their world, personal constructs help in this process Biological- Biological factors such as body type or genetics Abnormal: Psychoanalytic- Emerge from initial psychological conflicts that are unconscious, often arising from childhood trauma Biomedical- Traceable to physical abnormalities, biochemistry, structural defects Cognitive- Results from unusual ways of thinking, inappropriate belief system Behavioral- Results from faulty contingencies of reinforcement contexts contribute to the development of psychological disorders Cultural- Variables such as social class, gender and rural-urban contexts contribute to the development of psychological disorders Humanistic/Existential Model- Results from Failure to fulfill one's potential l Treatment: Biomedical a) ECT b) Psychosurgery; ablation c) Chemotherapy d) Intensive light therapy (S.A.D.) Psychoanalytic Therapy- Alleviate unconscious conflicts a) Free association b) Dream analysis c) Transference d) Symptom substitution Behavior Therapy-application of learning principles a) Systematic desensitization 1) In vivo desensitization 2) Counter Conditioning b) Flooding-relevant c) Implosive therapy- imagine the event d) Aversion therapy Cognitive-Behavior Therapy-thoughts and behavior a) Modeling and role play b) Rational-emotive therapy-forces a more realistic look in the evaluating circumstances c) Stress- inoculation therapy-retractors inappropriate thinking d) Cognitive therapy- used for depression; requires the restructuring of persons invalid perceptions of self, future and the world or experience Humanistic-focuses on getting the person to accept the responsibility for their improvement a) Rogers' client-centered therapy 1) unconditional positive regard b) Frankl's existential analysis-treatment attempts to help client gain sense of purpose and meaning c) Gestalt therapy- client comes into contact with the whole self Gestalt- focuses on integrating the whole person a) Developed by Fritz Perls b) Utilizes role playing and acting out c) Focuses on the "now" experience Biomedical Treatment- includes medical procedures and medication that can help alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders 1) Psycho-surgery (ablation) -Surgical destruction of involved brain tissue -Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) -Major depression 3) Psychopharmacological treatment A) Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) i.e. Thorazine, Haldol, Clozaril B) Antidepressants i.e. Tricyclic compounds, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Prozac C) Lithium Carbonate (treat bipolar disorder) D) Anxiolytics (anti anxiety) such as Valium or other benzodiazepine The Experiment 1. Two variables are studied for cause and effect ● Independent variable-manipulated ● Dependent variable- the response to be manipulated; measured ● Confounding variable- other variables that may influence results ● Experiment group- exposed to manipulation of independent variable ● Control group- an unaffected comparison group ● Subject bias- a subject's behavior changes due to believed expectations of experiment ● Researcher bias- expectations influence what is recorded ● Double-blind technique- control for bias by keeping placement of subject secret ● Placebo- inactive substance unknowingly given in place of drug ● Null hypothesis- negatively expressed hypothesis; X will not change Y Theories: Piaget's Cognitive-Development Theory: a) Sensory Motor Schema assimilation and accommodation Circular reaction Object permanence b) Preoperational Egocentrism Animism Artificialism c) Concrete Operational-reversibility Conservative problems d) Formal Operational-personal fable Kohlberg's Moral Judgment: a) Preconventional-good and bad, right and wrong b) Conventional-social rules c) Postconventional-universal principles Erikson's Psychosocial Development: INFANCY a) trust vs. mistrust b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt CHILDHOOD c) initiative vs. guilt d) Industry vs. territory ADOLESCENCE e) identity vs. role confusion ADULTHOOD f) intimacy vs. isolation g) generality vs. stagnation h) ego integrity vs. despair Kubler-Ross' Stages of Death 1) denial 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance Theories 1. Weber's law- just noticeable difference 2. Young-Helmholtz Color Theory- (trichromatic theory)- color determined by the relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones 3. Opponent-Process Color Theory- Color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pair 4. Place Theory- relates perceived pitch to region 5. Frequency Theory- related pitch to the frequency of sound waves and frequency of neuron firing 6. Facial Feedback hypothesis- sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what emotion we are feeling (Ekman) 7. Statistical Significance- .05 chance accounts for results less than 5% of the time Template-Matching Theory-stored copies 8. Prototype-Matching Theory-recognition involves comparison 9. Feature-Analysis Theory-patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features 10. Restorative Theory-We sleep in order to replenish 11. Adaptive Non Responding Theory-sleep and inactivity have survived value 12. Activation-Synthesis hypothesis-dreams are products of spontaneous neural activity 13. Thorndike's Law of effect-reward and punishment encourages and discourages responding; Thorndike 14. Premack principle-states that any high-probability behavior can be used as a reward for any lower-probability behavior 15. Continuity vs. Discontinuity-theories of development, nature vs. nurture 16. Serial position phenomenon-sequence influences recall 17. Primacy effect-enhanced memory for items presented earlier 18. Recency effect-enhanced memory for items presented last 19. Decay theory-forgetting caused by learning similar materials a. a) proactive-initially b) retroactive-previously 20. Linguistic relativity hypothesis-person's language determines and limits a person's experiences 21. Hull's drive-reduction model-motivation arises out of need 22. Cognitive consistency theory-cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism 23. Festinger's Cognitive dissonance theory-reconcile cognitive discrepancies 24. Arousal Theories-we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain 25. Yerkes-Dodson law-arousal will increase performances up to a point, then further increases will impair performance; inverted U function 26. Incentive theory-behavior is pulled rather then pushed 27. James-Lange theory-emotion is caused by bodily changes 28. Cannon-Bard Thalamic theory-emotional expression caused by simultaneous changing bodily event thoughts and feelings 29. Schachter's Cognitive-Physiological Theory-bodily changes, current stimuli, events, and memories combine to determine behavior 30. Attribution theory-explains how people make inferences about the causes of behavior; personal or situational; self-serving bias 31. Deindividuation-loss of self-restraint that occurs out of anonymity 32. Contact theory-proposes that equal-status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and bring harmony 33. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome- (GAS) emergency reaction to stressful situations Alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion 34. Lazarus's Cognitive-Psychological Model-emphasizes the process of appraisal (primary and secondary) as the primary determinant of stress 35. Twin Studies-allows a researcher to test influence of heredity v. environment 36. Personal Construct Theory-unique system of reality 37. Deinstitutionalization-occurred because of changes in political policy and development of new drug therapies 38. Ainsworth's Strange Situation-looked at attachment in young children to their parents Social Psychology Studies: Zimbardo's Prison Study-effect of roles Hawthorne Effect-people change their behavior when they think that they're being observed Dailey and Latane's Bystander effect-diffusion of responsibility (Kitty Genovese Case Study) Asch Conformity Study-Lines of different lengths 75% at least once Milgram's Obedience Study-Shocking the confederate 65% delivered full range Sherif-"Autokinetic phenomenon", conformity studies. Social Psychologist Social Pressure: 1. Conformity-occurs when individuals adopt the attitudes or behavior of others because of real or imagined pressure 2. Social Norms-shared standards of behavior 3. Reciprocity norm-people tend to treat others as they have been treated 4. Compliance-to get along with a request made of you from a person who does not have authority over you, techniques include: ● Foot in the door technique-if a small request is made first a larger request will be easier to fill later ● Door in the face technique-making a larger request first then making a smaller one which will seem more reasonable ● Low balling-getting agreement first, then adding specifics later 5. Obedience-compliance with someone who has authority Altruism: Self concern for others 1. Bystander intervention-will individuals intervene in a harmful situation to another 2. Bystander effect-people are less likely to help when several people witness an emergency due to diffusion of responsibility, thinking that someone else can be responsible 3. Social facilitation-tendency to do better on well-learned tasks when another person is present 4. Social loafing-reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups compared to by themselves 5. Risky shift-groups often arrive at riskier decisions than do individuals 6. Deindividuation-loss of identity as a result of being part of a group 7. Groupthink-members of a cohesive group emphasize agreement at the expense of critical thinking