Why Are Different Places Similar

Ch. 1 Basic Concepts Key Issue 3 Why Are Different Places Similar? 1. Three basic concepts ______scale____, ____space___, and ____connections____ help geographers explain why similarities among places and regions do not result from coincidence. I. SCALE: FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL 2. Define scale: relationship between a portion of Earth being studied to Earth as a whole 3. Define globalization: a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope 4. Rubenstein states that due to globalization, “the scale of the world is shrinking.” What does he mean by this? Not literally in size but in the ability of a person bc everyone is becoming more and more similar with cultures 5. Define transnational corporation (TNC): multinational corporation; a corporation that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries NOT just where its headquarters is. 6. Explain how every place in the world is part of the global economy. Each place has a distinctive role based on its local assets. 7. How have changes in production led to a spatial division of labor? Because there are responses to local labor force, level of skills, etc. 8. Give some examples of globalization. Cultural and Economic globalization 9. What does globalization threaten? How/why? Military conflicts, etc. 10. How do advancements in technology and communications both help and hinder local diversity? Its helps spread it through internet and keep things remembered II. SPACE: DISTRIBUTION OF FEATURES 11. Define space: the physical gap between 2 objects 12. a. Define distribution: arrangement of a feature in space b. What are the three properties of distribution? density, concentration, and pattern 13. a. Define density: the # of a feature and the size of an area that is holding whatever you’re measuring b. When discussing density, remember that it includes what two elements? Feature and Size 14. a. Define concentration: extent of feature spread over space b. Identify and describe the opposite ends of the spectrum of concentration. i. Clustered ii. Dispersed c. In the boxes below – draw 10 dots in each box so that the density is the same in each, but illustrate and LABEL the two different kinds of concentration. Clustered Dispersed ………….. . . . . …………. . . . . . 15. a. Define pattern: repeated thing b. List the three different types of pattern given in the text. i. linear (housing) ii. square iii. grids III. SPACE: CULTURAL IDENTITY 16. Geographers often study the spatial distribution of minority groups, including (3): ethnic minorities- African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics 17. In the U.S. identify where each of the following ethnicities are clustered: a. African Americans - Southeast mostly, bc of slavery after freedom most of them stayed put b. Asian Americans - Westcoast and near the Massachusetts area too (chinese worked on the railroad so the west to the west coast and Indians migrated to the Massachusetts area for job opportunities more recently) c. Hispanics Americans - Southwest (near Mexico) 18. LGBT people are often clustered in _West Coast (it is welcoming in San Francisco)_. Why do you think this is? Because San Francisco was very welcoming and most cities on west coast were welcoming. 19. In regards to gender distribution, the distribution of men and women (for the most part) does not vary across locations. Rather, geographers focus on gender _inequality_. IV. SPACE: INEQUALITY 20. Identify the contemporary approaches to cultural geography: a. Poststructuralist geography – examines how the powerful/elite dominate space. b. Humanistic geography – emphasizes the ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meaning. ex: Christopher street in NYC c. Behavioral geography – emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual actions in space. ex: husband and wife daily actions 21. In the modern world, geographers are focused on unequal access to _electronics/technology_. 22. Global culture and economy increasingly stem from what three regions and what three cities? NYC, London, and Tokyo 23. What are the main differences between countries in the core regions and those in the periphery? *This is called the Core-Periphery Model and can apply to all scales, not just global. Core- running the show with globalization and economy Periphery- help facilitate that used for resources and factoring 24. Label the groups below: Core, Semi-Peripheral or Peripheral countries. Justify your decision. A. Austria, Germany, Canada, & Sweden- Core B. Zimbabwe, Iraq, Chad, & Honduras- Peripheral C. Brazil, Turkey, Poland, & Egypt- Semi- peripheral 25. a. Define uneven development: an increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery b. Has uneven development increased or decreased in the last decades in the world? Increased (the rich have gotten richer and poor have gotten poorer) c. Has uneven development increased or decreased in the last decades in the U.S.? Increased too V. CONNECTIONS: DIFFUSION 26. Define connection: relationships between people and objects that cross space. 27. Identify and define the three main results on connections between cultural groups: a. Assimilation- being sent to schools to change to American culture b. Acculturation- immigrant families moving to American cultural areas c. Syncretism- a combination of 2 cultures that creates something completely new 28. Define connection: relationships between people and objects that cross space. 29. Define diffusion: the process by which a feature spreads to another place from where it originated 30. With regards to diffusion, define and, where possible, give an example of each of the following. DIFFUSION Hearth Mesopotamia, Modern: US, tokyo Relocation diffusion Exchanges on ships usually or big migrations (the great migration) E x p Hierarchal diffusion a spread of an idea from person or nodes with the authority of power to other people (pope spreading ideas to whole catholic church) n si o n di Contagious diffusion ff rapid widespread diffusion without acquiring widespread diffusion (things going viral) u si o n Stimulus diffusion spread of an underlying principle (McDonalds is different in every place although it is the same brand) VI. CONNECTIONS: SPATIAL INTERACTION 31. What is a network? a chain of communications that connects places 32. Describe the phenomena known as distance decay. Contact diminishes with decreasing distance (moving from India to the US and they start to act less Indian with Indian cultural farther away. 33. Define space-time compression: reduction in time it takes something to reach another place. 34. Unlike today, in the past, most connections between groups required what? The physical movement up people but with the internet it is no longer necessary.