Migration Definition Human Geography

3.1 Summary: Migration is a permanent move to a new location. Migration can be either international or intraregional. The quantity and places of origin of immigrants to the United States have fluctuated over time. Questions: ● How has human settlement diffused? ○ It has diffused through migration, by permanently settling somewhere else, changing their lifestyle forever. ● What is the relationship between the migration transition and demographic transition? ○ As a country progresses through the demographic transition, its migration patterns develop accordingly. Stage 1 consists of local migration. Stage 2 consists of rural-urban migration due to rapid population growth. Stage 3 consists of increased international migration as people seek better opportunities. And stage 4 consists of stabilized migration. ● What are the migration principles and what is the migration transition? ○ The three main principles: The distance migrants usually move, why they move, and their characteristics. The migration transition is how migration patterns change as a country develops. ● What are the principal streams of migration? ○ International migration and internal migration. ● What is international migration and its types? ○ Permanently moving from one country to another. Voluntary migration is when the migrant has chosen to move and forced migration is when the migrant has been compelled to move by different factors. ● What is internal migration and its types? ○ Permanently moving within the same country. Interregional migration is moving from one region of a country to another, most of the time from rural to urban areas. Intraregional is moving within the same region, mostly within urban areas. ● What is the difference between emigration and immigration? ○ Emigration is migration FROM a location to another. Immigration is migration TO a location. Net-in migration is when immigrant numbers exceed emigrant numbers and net-out migration is the opposite. ● What are migration patterns in Europe? ○ Migration from Eastern to Western Europe for better economic opportunities ○ Migration from Southern to Northern Europe for job opportunities ○ Lots of migration within Europe ○ Immigration to Europe from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia for a variety of reasons ● How have the origin of U.S. immigrants changed over time? ○ It started as mostly European dominated to Asian and Latin American in recent times. ● How did U.S. immigration look at independence? ○ ● ● Immigrants mostly originated from Europe, specifically the UK and Ireland. Many Africans were also forced to migrate as a part of the slave trade to labor in the US. How did U.S. immigration look during the nineteenth century? ○ During the 1840s and 1850s, Irish and German immigrants came to the US due to political and economic factors. However, it declined during the U.S. Civil War in the 1870s. In the 1880s, many Scandinavians also joined the mix for economic opportunities. And towards the end of the century, many Southern and Eastern Europeans immigrated for economic and religious purposes. Germany sent the largest immigrants among the European countries. How does recent U.S. immigration look? ○ Immigration dropped because of the Great Depression and World War II but steadily increased in the first decade of the 21st century. These immigrants mostly originated from Latin America and Asia. Mexico passed Germany in sending the most immigrants. 3.2 Summary: People migrate for a variety of reasons, including political, environmental, and economic factors. Most people migrate in search of employment are young adults. Questions: ● Where do people typically migrate to within a region? ○ They typically migrate to urban areas because they’re more wealthier and have more opportunities than rural areas. ● What are the migration patterns among U.S. regions? ○ The patterns evolved hand in hand with the economic opportunities present and living conditions. The population center traveled westward over time and southward during the early 21st century. ● Where was the population clustered in the 1790s? ○ The colonial-era settlements were clustered near the Atlantic Coast to trade with Europe. ● What did the population center look like in the early to mid-1800s? ○ Erie canal and other innovations improved transportation which let people travel for cheaper. People moved and settled in forested river valleys between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River because of the large amount of land sold for a cheap price. ● What did the population center look like in the mid to late 1800s? ○ The California Gold Rush encouraged people to migrate westward, skipping over the Great Plains because of its lack of arable land. ● What did the population center look like in the early to mid 1900s? ○ European immigration offset migration to the west. Advances in agricultural technology and railroads enabled people to cultivate crops and settle in the Great Plains. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● What did the population center look like from 1950 to 2010? ○ Westward expansion resumed as well as moving southward. This is because of the warm climate and job opportunities, the growth mostly coming from newer companies. Interregional migration slowed in the twenty-first century because of the recession that curbed job prospects in all regions. How does interregional migration in large countries like China, Brazil, Canada, and Russia compare? ○ Interregional migration in large countries varies significantly. China has seen rapid urban growth after initially discouraging rural-to-urban migration. Brazil successfully moved its capital to encourage interior migration. Canada experiences mostly east-to-west migration with Alberta receiving the highest net-in migration, and Russia’s population is concentrated in the west near Europe due to job opportunities and historical Soviet policies. What does interregional migration in China look like? ○ China’s government discouraged mass migration from rural to urban areas in fear that no one would work in agriculture and lead to poor living conditions. However, this has changed in recent years resulting in China’s urban areas to be one of the most modern and rapidly growing worldwide. What does interregional migration in Brazil look like? ○ Brazil changed its capital to Brasilia to attract people to inhabit that tropical interior of the country instead of the coast. This successfully worked with the coast now having net-out migration and the new capital having net-in migration. What does interregional migration in Canada look like? ○ Similar to the USA, Canada has mostly east to west migration. ○ Alberta: Highest net-in migration ○ Quebec: Largest net-out migration ○ Largest interprovincial flows: Ontario to Alberta, British Columbia to Alberta, and Alberta to British Columbia What does interregional migration in Russia look like? ○ Russia's population has been concentrated in the west because of job opportunities near the border with Europe. Soviet policies previously encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than population centers. What are the three types of intraregional migration? ○ Rural to Urban areas ○ Urban to Suburban areas ○ Urban to Rural areas Why do people migrate from rural to urban areas? ○ Urbanization started during the Industrial Revolution and diffused to peripheral regions recently. People move to urban areas for economic reasons such as better job prospects. Why do people migrate from urban to suburban areas? ○ Suburbanization takes place mostly in developed countries because it's an appealing lifestyle, especially for families. Suburban areas typically have better schools too. ● Why do people migrate from urban to rural areas? ○ In developed countries, starting in the late 20th century, people moved to rural areas rather than leaving them. Because of lifestyle reasons, such as the desire for a slower pace of life and the opportunity to live on a farm, even if they don’t work in agriculture. 3.3 Summary: Interregional migration, primarily from rural to urban areas in developing countries and cities to suburbs in developed countries, has impacted the U.S. population center greatly. Questions: ● Why do people migrate? ○ People migrate mostly for economic reasons, but do also migrate for political and environmental reasons according to Ravenstein’s principles. ● What are the cultural/political reasons for migrating? ○ People migrate seeking a different lifestyle or escaping cultural push factors. Migration due to political reasons include human right violation, conflicts, etc. Today, the need for passports and visas also affects migration. ● What was the forced migration of Native Americans? ○ Five Native tribes were forced out of their land due to the Indian Removal Act of 1830. ● What are the groups of people who are forced to migrate? ○ A refugee, internally displaced person, and asylum seeker. ● What are environmental reasons for migration? ○ Floods caused by destructive hurricanes caused significant damage creating uninhabitable conditions and economic impacts. This led to mass migration of people. Attractive environments also pull people to migrate because of their favorable conditions and attributes. ● How did Katrina flooding push people to migrate? ○ Many people migrated from the flooding because it caused inhabitable conditions and many jobs and businesses were lost. This caused one of the largest migrations in the U.S. ever. ● How did Harvey and Maria push people to migrate? ○ Their effects were similar to hurricane Katirina’s destruction. They caused widespread destruction and economic instability, forcing residents to leave. ● How do attractive environments pull people to migrate? ○ People migrate to environments that are appealing such as mountains, seasides, and warm climates. ● What are economic reasons for international migration? ○ Better economic opportunities and higher wages pull people from developing countries to developed countries where the chances are higher. Migrants who have gotten these chances send remittances.