The Global Tapestry Guide

AP World History - Ultimate Guide Unit 1: The Global Tapestry Review of History Within Civilizations What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states Growth of long-distance trade

Overview of World's Major Religions in 1200 Most events are connected to religion Key Points: 1. Most belief systems still are impacting history 2. Most major religions have divisions = subgroups and sects (focus more on overall religion) 3. Understand theological basis of belief systems and impact of belief systems on social, political, cultural, military developments 4. Origin and spread of belief systems cultural interactions Religious Mysticism: adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine prayer, meditation Buddhism Cultures: India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan Context: Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince lived in Nepal from 563-483 ВСЕ, rejected wealth and world possessions and became Buddha (Enlightened One) No supreme being 4 Noble Truth: (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path Death of Buddha (483 BCE) = Buddhism split - Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism Theravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self Mahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort more complex but with greater spread Impact: rejects caste system appealed to those of lower rank India: reabsorbed in Hinduism China, Japan, Southeast Asia: Buddhism continued to thrive Further: spread via trade routes Christianity Cultures: started as group of Jews, quickly expanded through Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle East Context: Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be Messiah the Jews had awaited teachings of devotion to God and love for others Jesus was crucified by Roman and Jewish leaders in 30 CE and his followers believe he rose from dead into heaven Based on Bible teachings Believe Jesus is the Son of God - forgiveness of sins, everlasting life is achievable through him World was created by God, but world has fallen from God Believers should seek God and care for him and others Impact: compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women Became most influential religion in Mediterranean basin by 3rd century Became official religion of Roman Empire, then branching north and west Connection with Roman Empire had profound impact on global culture Confucianism Cultures: China (400 BCE+) Context: Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor thoughts and sayings collected in the Analects Deals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topics 5 fundamental relations build society and make it orderly - (1) ruler and subject, (2) parent and child, (3) husband and wife, (4) older sibling and younger sibling. (5) friend and friend Impact: Compatible with other religions, causing it to flourish Led to distinctive Chinese culture of tight-knit communities Stayed within Chinese culture Hinduism Cultures: India Context: 1 Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer) Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplish and believers live to determine who they will be in their next life Following the dharma (rules and obligations of your caste) will move you towards Brahma moksha is highest stake of being (internal peace and release of soul) No sacred text - Vedas and Upanishads guide Hindus Impact: Religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion Recently, Hindus are rebelling caste system. Spawned Buddhism Islam Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, Europe Context: 7th century Muslims are the believers Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur'an Salvation is won through submission to God- 5 Pillars of Islam: (1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca 2 groups, Shia and Sunni, who disagreed who should succeed Muhammad Impact: Rapidly spread to Middle East Judaism Cultures: Hebrews Context God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them Unique relationship with God World is for them to enjoy, free will destiny of world is paradise Hebrew Bible Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies Impact First of major monotheistic faiths Developments in the Middle East Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE early mid-9th century golden age Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq) Centre for arts and sciences mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library) Built around trade used receipt and bill system Decline of Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, new Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and most importantly Mongols. Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258 Ottoman Turks would later reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918 Mamluks: Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East Developments in Europe Middle Ages: fall of Rome before Renaissance complicated time Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire Western Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong European Feudalism: Land Divided Feudalism: European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages 1. King: power over whole kingdom 2. Nobles: had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military service 3. Vassals: lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient) Founded three-field system: 3 fields for fall, spring, and empty one to replenish nutrients Conflict between lords was regulated with code of chivalry which condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect Male dominated: women could not own land and land was passed down to eldest son (primogeniture), their education was limited to domestic skills 4. Peasants or Serfs: worked the land Had few rights or freedoms outside of manor Skilled in trades, which helped them break out of feudal mode as global trade increased led to middle class emergence of craftsmen and merchants