Further Class Notes on Subdivision of The Nervous System

The TNO Hemispheres Lateralization: Concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated wi specialized functions → left hemisphere Controis tue right side of the body → right hemisphere controls the left side of the body the surface of the brain is covered wul gyri and sulci. A deep sulcus is called a fissure, such as the longitudal fissure that diudes the brain into left and nght hemispheres The brain and its parts can be divided into 3 main categories 1. Fore brain 2 Midbrain 3. Hindbrain Forebrain Structures • The largest part of the brain - it contains: - the cerebral cortex -higner level processes - thal amus - sensory relay - hypothalamus - homeostasis - pituitary gland - master gland of the endocrine system - limbic system - emotion + memory circuit The Midbrain Reticular Formation- important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness and motor achurry • Substantia Nigra - munere dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement Ventral tegmental area (UTA) - where dopamine is produced; associated wl mood. reward + addiction - Degenscats ase ase substantia Ngra + VIA Is involved in DIAGRAM Ihe Hindbrain Medulla- controls automated processes like breathing. blood pressure, + heart rate • Pons- connects the brain + spinal cord;involved in regulating brain activity during sleep Cerebellum- controls our balance, coordination, movement and motor Skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory * these 3 Structures combired are Known as tue brain Stem $ DIAGRAM The Thalamus The thalamus serves as the relay center of the brain where most senses (excluding smell) are routed before being directed to other areas of the brain for processing DIAGRAMI The Limbic System *The limac system is involved in mediating emotional response + memory *made up of multiple different Structures including... 1. Amygdala - involved in our experience of emotion 1 tying emotional meaning to our memories. Involved in processing fear 2. Hippocampus - Structure associated w| learning + memory Lin particular spatial memory) 3. Hypothalamus: regulates homeostato processes including body temperature, apetite and blood pressure DIAGRAM The Pariental Lobe Involued in processing various sensory + perceptual info Sotan ensory one sense car for processing sensory info from across the body (touch, temperature + pain) -organized topographically Ine Temporal Lobe associated w| heanng, memory, emotion + some aspects of language located on the side of the nead (near the temples) -I contains the... 1. Auditory Cortex: Strip or contex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory infarmation 2. Wemnicke's Area: important for speech Comprehension → damage to this area results in difficulty understanding language Tempora) idoe aragram 2 areas diagram The Occipital Lobe assoclated with visual processing contains the primary visual cortex which is responsible for Cerebral Cortex : The lobes of the Brain Cerebral Cortex: Surface of the brain that is associated with out highest mental capabilities suon as consciousness, thougnt. emotion, reasoning, language and memory LIt can be broken up into 4 lobes, each nul different function 4 lobes diagram Ine. Frontal Lobe Involved in executive functioning planning, organization, jaft cent, are nien, reasoning), motor control, emotion + language I. The Motor Cortex: strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement 2. The Prefrontal cortex: responsible for higher-lever cognitive tunctioning 3. Broca's Area: region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production L damage to Brocás area leads to difficulties producing anguage •Damage to frontal lobe (Phineas Gage)