University:
York University
Course:
HH/PSYC 1010 6.00 | Introduction to Psychology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

402

Pages:

3
Author:

Niklas

Reinforcement Schedules • continuous reinforcement: when an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior quickes+ way to teach a behavior partial reinforcoment: _ the organism does not get reinforced everytime they display the desired behavior they are rein forced inter mitienty) Partial Reinforcement Scales Fixed vs. Variable: Fixed - the number of responses between reinforcements or the amant of time between renforcements is set + unchanging Variable- the numberor responses between reinforcements or the amant of time between reinforcements vanes or changes Interval vs. Ratio: Interval- the schedue is based on the time between reinforcements Ratio- the schedule is based on the numberof responses between reinforcements Fixed Interval: reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intenais -patients take pain relief medication @ set times Variable Interval: reinforcement is deliverca e unpredictable time interuals → checking facebook Fixed Ratio: reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses →factory workers get paid for every & number of items made Variable Ratio: reinforcement is delivered after an un predictable number of responses - gambring Partial Reinforcement Schedules Variable Ratio Schedule: unpredictable + yields high + steady response rates, with little if any pause after reinforcement (gambler) Fixed Ratio Schedule: predictable + produces a high response rate, with a short pause after remforcement (eyegrass saleswoman) variable Interval sonedule: unpredictable + produces a moderate, steady response rate (restaurant manager) Fixed Interval schodule: yields a scallop-shaped response pattem, reflecting a significant pause after reinforcement (surgery patient) Cognition 3 latent leaming •edward C tolman said leaming can still happen without reinforcement Cognitive map: a mental picture of the layout of an enviranment latent learning; learning that ours butis not doservable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it Observational leaming (moading) observational leaming: learning by watching others + then imitating model: the individual performing the imitating behavior Social Learning Treory Albert Bandur proposed social learning theary to explain how leaming occurred without extemal reinforcement →believed observational leaming Involved more thanjust imitation + that intemal mental states must be involued Steps in modeling process: 1. atiention: focus on behauror 2. retention: remember what you observed 3. reproduction: be able to perform tue behavior 4. motivation: must want to copy the benavior " motivation depends on what happened to que model Vicarious reinforcement: process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making tue observer more likely to imitate the models behavior Vicarious punismment: process where the observer sees the model punished, making the rosener less likely to imitare the model's be hauior * Bandura's BObo doll experinent: studied modeling of aggressive + violent benavors *