University:
York University
Course:
NURSING 2534 | Pathophysiology
Academic year:

2023
Views:

387

Pages:

2
Author:

Niklas

Focus: Fluids, electrolytes, elimination, absorption of nutrients, function, nutrition, malabsorption, GI damage Functions: Ingestion Physical and chemical breakdown of food (begins in the mouth) Salivation (begins in the mouth) Amylase and pepsin secretion in the stomach Absorption of nutrients primarily in the small intestine Elimination through the large intestine Peritoneum: Parietal lines the abdominal cavity wall Visceral covers abdominal organs Stomach: Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor (B12 absorption) Breaks down food Facilitates gastric enzyme activation Diagnostic Studies: Barium swallow (upper GI): NPO HIDA scan: IV injection of radioisotopes CT, MRI ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): Direct visualization of GI structures Colonoscopy Elimination: Large Intestine Produces vitamin K and some vitamin B Stores vitamins D and B12 Eliminates bile Liver: Largest solid organ in the body Stores vitamins A, D, B12, and iron Blood clotting Bile production Biliary Tract: Bile needed for fat emulsification Bilirubin metabolism turns stones brown Pancreas: Exocrine and endocrine functions Metabolism Assessment: Elderly: mouth dentures, dry mucosa, decreased pressure (risk for aspiration) Subjective: S/S, chief complaint Objective: A/P/E Structural Locations: RUQ: Liver, gallbladder, duodenum LUQ: Liver, left lobe, spleen, stomach RLQ: Cecum, appendix, bladder (if distended), uterus (if enlarged) LLQ: Sigmoid, descending colon Complications: Perforation: S/S guarding, round-like abdomen, pain, distention, tachycardia, chills, pallor Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum, S/S guarding, pain, distention, tachycardia, chills, pallor Diagnostic Studies: Capsule endoscopy: Small, wireless capsule takes pictures of the small intestine Barium swallow: Contrast media to visualize the upper GI tract Common Surgeries: Laparotomy: Open abdominal surgery Laparoscopy: Minimally invasive surgery Barium Swallow: Before: Allergy to contrast media, NPO, laxatives prescribed After: Monitor stool color, white barium 24-72 hours, bowel obstruction possible complication Liver Biopsy: Baseline assessment, blood type, informed consent Procedure: Lie on side for 5-10 minutes Post-procedure: Rest for 12-14 hours Common Labs: Pancreatic tests: Amylase (60-120 U/L), lipase (10-140 U/L) Liver function tests: AST (0-35 U/L), ALT (4-36 U/L), bilirubin, albumin, ammonia, PT, vitamin K (clotting factors, liver failure risk for bleeding)