Study Guide for Health in the 21st Century

Study Guide for Final Exam Chapter 1 Health in the 21st Century 1. Optimal PHYSICAL health physical health includes what 5 behaviors? Being physically active, eating nutritiously, getting enough sleep, making responsible decisions (about sex, drugs, and drinking, and taking steps to avoid infectious disease and injury. 2. Briefly define each of the 7 dimensions of health and give an example of a behavior that would fall under each dimension. Physical Health: focuses on the body how well it functions. (see question 1 for example of this behavior) Intellectual Health: a willingness to take on new intellectual challenges, an openness to new ideas and skills, a capacity to think critically, and a sense of humor and curiosity. They recognize problems quickly but also seek and create solutions. Psychological Health: a broad category encompassing autonomy, self-acceptance, and the ability to respond appropriately to the environment. They maintain healthy relationships, pursue meaningful goals, and recognize they always have room for growth as a person. Spiritual Health: influenced by your beliefs and values and the ways in which you press them - for instance, in humanitarian activities, religious practices or efforts on behalf of nature and the environment. Spiritual health contributes to a sense of place and purpose in life and can be support when you face off challenges. Social Health: the quality of you interactions and relationships with others. Good social health is characterized by satisfying relationships, and ability to fulfill social roles (friend, family, community) and to provide support to others and receive it in return. Environmental Health: the quality of your home, work, school, and social environments - as well as the health of the planet. Availability of clean water, crime rates, and pollution are variables that factor into environmental health. Occupational Health: the quality of your relationship to your work. This can be your paying job, your studies, athletic or artistic endeavors. 3. What is the current life expectancy at birth in the U.S.? 78.8 years (15 years longer than it was in 1940) 1 4. What is the leading cause of death in 15-24 year olds in the U.S? Accidents/unintentional injuries, suicide, assault/homicide, cancer, heart disease 5. T or F: One of the primary goals of Healthy People 2020 is to achieve health equity for all. True 6. Chronic disease rates in the U.S. are lowest for which ethnic group? Asian Americans 7. T or F: Unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity are common for college students.? True 8. What was most common health problem reported by students in a recent nationwide study? Allergies 9. Define ÒGlobesityÓ Global health concern in the rising rates of heart diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers. Related to the access to low cost processed foods and motorized transportation, labor-saving technology, and sedentary forms of entertainment. 10. What does a person with health literacy have the ability to do? Health literacy is the ability to obtain and understand basic health information and services in order to make appropriate decisions for your own care. It includes the ability to follow medical instructions such as read prescription drug labels, listen to health care providers, ask good questions, and analyze information you receive, as well as navigate the health care systems. 11. T or F: When looking for health information online, you should seek out sites with reputable professional accreditations. True 12. Define predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors and give examples of each. Predisposing Factor: The physical, mental, emotional, social, and environmental factors that affect the likelihood that you will decide to change a current behavior. Such as the cost of cigarettes, or your uncle who smoked 2 packs a day and lived to be 100. Enabling Factor: The skills, social supports, and resources that make it possible (or easier) for your change efforts to succeed. Such as quitting smoking so you stop hanging out with people who do smoke, or vice versa with peer pressure. 2 Reinforcing Factors: Rewards or encouragements that promote successful behavior (such as a bonus for the employee that logs the most time in the gym.) Or negative barriers that can derail your behavior (such as throwing out your back at the gym.) 13. The theory that a person progresses through six stages of change before achieving sustained behavior change is known as the _____________ model. The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (Stages of Change Model) 14. List and define each of the stages in the Stages of Change model. Precontemplation: May or may not recognize a health challenge, has no plans of changing it in the near future (Within 6 months) Contemplation: The person recognizes the health challenge and is thinking about making a change in the near future (Not making actions but thinking about it) Preparation: The person intends to change the behavior within the next month and has a plan of action (joining a gym or support group) Action: The person modifies the behavior in an observable way - the change is initiated but not yet consistent Maintenance: The person has maintained the new behavior for six months and continues to actively work in order to not relapse. Can last years or months, relapse might happen, Termination: A person has successfully achieved behavior change to the point where he or she is completely confident that relapse will not occur. 15. What are self-efficacy and locus of control? Self-efficacy is the conviction that you can successfully execute a behavior required to make the change you desire. Locus of control is defined as internal and external. Internal locus of control means you feel as though you are the master to your own life and you can change, whereas external you believe things are out of you hands. Chapter 2 Psychological Health 1. Define Psychological health itÕs two components (mental, emotional) and six facets. Psychological health: the dimension of health and wellness that encompasses both mental and emotional components. 3 Mental Health: the ÒthinkingÓ component of psychological health - your ability to perceive reality accurately and respond to its challenges rationally and effectively Emotional Health: the ÒfeelingÓ component of psychological health - how you react emotionally to the ups and downs of life The 6 Facets: Self-Acceptance, Positive Relationship with Others/Intimacy, Autonomy, Purpose in Life, Personal growth, Environmental Mastery 2. What is autonomy? Assertiveness? Autonomy is the capacity to make informed, uncoerced decisions and to regulate your behavior internally. Autonomy is typically expressed bu assertiveness, or making your decisions clear to others. 3. List and define the five levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Pyramid Structure Bottom to Top: Physiological Needs: Providing for basic needs such as breathing, food, water, shelter, sleep, sex Safety and Security: Protection from harm by others or surrounding Love and Belonging: Giving and receiving love: feeling a sense of belonging with others. Self-Esteem: Respecting yourself and being respected Self-actualization: Truly fulfilling your potential 4. T or False: At the base (bottom) level of MaslowÕs Hierarchy are physiological needs. True 5. What are the four key abilities of emotional intelligence? The four key abilities are to perceive and express emotion, incorporate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in oneself and others. 6. Define optimism. Optimism is the psychological tendency to interpret lifeÕs events positively. 7. Define altruism. The practice of giving to others out of selfless concern for their well-being. Acts of altruism can also provide benefits to you. For example, helping others might help you develop perspective, build selfesteem, manage stress, sleep better, and even live longer. Think of it like an Òattitude of gratitude.Ó 4 8. What are some symptoms of depressive disorders? Persistant sadness, a feeling of being slowed down or lacking energy, feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, meaningless, or ÒemptinessÓ, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in school, work, or activities once enjoyed, social withdrawal, difficulty thinking clearly or making decisions, and sleep disturbances, changing in eating habits (eating more or less), restlessness, irritability, or reoccurring thoughts of suicide 9. Describe the conditions under which a person would be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder? It is diagnosed when someone constantly experiances five or more depressive systems for at least 2 weeks straight. 10. Distinguish between the following types of depressive disorders: major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder MDD: When there are 5 or more symptoms for a consistent 2 weeks. Can happen once in a persons life or several times. DD: Tend to be milder and more chronic symptoms occurring majority of days for two years. The person can go days or weeks without symptoms but no longer than 2 months. BD: Characterized by occurrences of abnormality elevated mood (or mania) alternating with depressive episodes, with periods of normal mood in between. 11. How do the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder differ from those of panic attack? Generalized anxiety disorder is chronic anxiety, exaggerated worry, and pessimism, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it. Whereas panic attack is a sudden feelings of terror that strike without warning. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness and nausea and typically go away on their own within 10 minutes or so. 12. What are signs of social anxiety disorder? An intense fear of being judged by others and of being humiliated by your own actions. It can be accomplished by physical symptoms such as sweating, blushing, increased heart rate, trembling, and stuttering. 13. What is OCD and what are examples of behaviors that a person with OCD might exhibit? Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have repeated and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that cause them to develop rituals (compulsions) in an attempt to control the anxiety produced by these thoughts. The obsessions can be overblown such as germaphobic, fear of home intruders or death of loved one. Although the sufferer knows the compulsions might be meaningless, they still do them to relieve the 5 anxiety. Some common rituals include touching things in a certain order or certain number of times, repeatedly checking items, or hoarding unnecessary items. 14. What is post-traumatic stress disorder? After a traumatic event, people sometimes feel reoccurring fear, anger, and depression: PTSD Can be caused after child abuse, natural disasters, automobile accidents, being the victim of a violent crime, military service (Primarily combat zones.) 15. Define non-suicidal self-injury. NSSI occurs in the form of intentional, self-inflicted cuts, burns, bites, bruises, or other injuries, without the desire to die. Means of coping with overwhelming thoughts to detach ones body and mind. Provides a moment of calm often followed by feelings of guilt or shame. 16. Which of the following mental health professionals has the authority to prescribe medications: counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists? Psychiatrists 17. What should be discussed before the first session with a new therapist? Costs, the therapists credentials, education, and approach to therapy, areas of specialization, an overview of problems and goals for therapy, the experience the therapist has in dealing with similar issues, where you are interested in taking medication, frequency and length of therapy sessions. Chapter 3 Stress Management 1. Distinguish between distress and eustress and list some examples of sources of each. Eustress is defined as good stress resulting from changes that are perceived as advantageous, such as when your favorite sports team is about to win last minute. Distress is stress resulting from changes that feel threatening situations, such as a bad grade or a plane crash. 2. What is the fight-or-flight mechanism and what are some physical responses that it causes? Fight-or-flight response is how your body reacts to dangerous situations. ItÕs there series of events meant to help you response to stress and situations. The psychical signs are sweat appears, pupils widen, hearing sharpens, mouth goes dry (salivation slows), heart beats faster and harder; blood pressures and pulse increases, breathing rate increases, liver releases glucose into bloodstream, 6 digestion slows, muscle power increases, blood clots faster. 3. Briefly indicate what occurs in each of the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome. The General Adaptation Syndrome was developed as a theory to explain the biology of stress. It starts with the alarm stage (fight-or-flight response occurs, the Resistance stage where the body adapts to the stressor, and then the Exhaustion stage after prolonged exposure to the stressor the body begins to wear out 4. Chronic stress syndrome can result from being in the fight-or-flight stage for an extended period of time. TRUE! 5. What are some emotional, physical and behavioral warning signs of stress overload? Emotional: Anxiety, sleep disruption, anger and agitation, trouble concentrating, unproductive worry, frequent mood swings, depression Physical: Stooped posture, sweaty palms. chronic fatigue, weight loss/gain, migraine or tension headaches, neck aches, digestive problems, asthma attacks, Behavioral: Overreacting to problems or difficult situations, increased use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs, usually impulsive behavior, feeling Òburnt outÓ on school or work, frequent bouts of crying. 6. What are some characteristics of people who exhibit Type A personality? Impatience, irritability, hostility, low-self esteem, and a competitive drive. 7. An improved ability to adapt to stress can be linked to which 3 personality traits? Optimism: able to see stressors as transient and specific and, therefore, within their power to change and control Hardiness: able to respond to the challenges of life and turn them into opportunities for growth Resilience: able to make realistic plans and carry them out, and they are confident in their power to do so. 8. T or F: A key contributor to college studentsÕ academic struggles is procrastination. True 9. What are some good coping mechanisms for balancing financial stress? 7 Make a budget, stick with a plan to pay off debt, increase your income, talk to a financial aid advisor about school budgeting. 10. Worry is a(n) ______________ stressor Internal 11. T or F: EXERCISE helps with the stress response by allowing the fight-or-flight response to do what itÕs supposed to do. True Chapter 4 Sleep, Your Body, and Your Mind 1. What is an electroencephalograph (EEG) and how is it related to sleep? An EEG a medical device that released that sleep is induced by distinctive patterns of nerve cell communication involving several brain regions. Because of EEG we recognize sleep now as a physiologically prompted, dynamic, and readily reversible state of reduced consciousness essential to human survival. 2. Which three areas of your brain are involved in generating and maintaining sleep? The brain stem is the lowest part of your brain. The core of the brain stem is a group of nerve cells called the reticular activating system (RAS), which helps regulate sleep. Pons, is another region of the brain stem that sends signals to paralyze your muscles so you donÕt act out dreams. 3. Dreaming occurs at what stage of sleep? REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) 4. During which stage of sleep does the pituitary gland produce growth hormone to facilitate repair of the body? Stage 4 5. During which of the stages of sleep to you typically spend the most time each night? Stage 2 6. Experts agree that the optimal range of sleep per night for most adults is between _____ and ___ hours. 7 and 8 7. Define sleep debt. An accumulated amount of sleep loss that develops when the amount of sleep you routinely obtain is 8 less than amount you need. 8. Only ______% of American adults get eight or more hours of sleep per night. 28% 9. What are some effects of sleep deprivation? - You get sick more frequently - You feel irritable, depressed, anxious, and frustrated. - You canÕt wake up without an alarm - You are making mistakes and finding it hard to concentrate - You drift off while driving - Sleep deprivation impairs memory, meaning that the hours spent staying up late studying are often wasted when you canÕt remember what you stayed up to review - You need caffeine throughout the day to keep going. 10. The stimulant most commonly linked to sleep difficulties is __________. Caffeine 11. What is sleep apnea? A disorder in which one or more pauses in breathing occur during sleep. 12. If sleep problems persist beyond _____ days, you should consult a medical professional. 30 13. T or F: The use of sleep medications such as Valium and Ambien can be habit forming. True 14. What are some effective activities/strategies you employ at bedtime to promote sleep. (Page 90) - Think of your bedroom as a a Òsleep caveÓ - reserve your bed for sleeping only - Aim for a warm bed in a cool room - Keep it quiet - Cut caffeine - Watch your food intake 9 - Hit the gym or try light exercise later in the day - Get adequate exposure to natural light throughout the day - Set aside stressors until the morning - Try to limit nighttime technology - DonÕt stare at the ceiling 15. Define sleep hygiene. The behaviors and environmental factors that together influence the quality and quantity of your sleep. 16. T or F: Studies consistently demonstrate that people fall asleep faster when the sleep environment is dark and quiet. True 17. If you've gone to bed but cannot fall asleep in ________ minutes, get up and do something relaxing until you feel sleepy again and can head back to bed. 20 Chapter 5 Nutrition 1. What are some examples of micronutrients? Vitamins and minerals 2. What is the calorie content of a gram of carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol? Carbs: 4 Proteins: 4 Fats: 9 Alcohol: 7 3. ________ consumed in excessed is/are stored as FAT in the body. Calories 4. _____ is the amount of a nutrient that meets the need of 98% of all healthy people of similar age and gender. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) 5. Why are unrefined grains a better choice of carbohydrates than refined grains? Whole grains include three parts- bran, germ, and endosperm. They provide valuable vitamins, 10 minerals, and fiber. Refined grains are stripped of their fiber and nutrients but retain all the calories. 6. What are some dietary benefits of fiber? It benefits in digestion 7. What is the glycemic index and what are some examples of food with a high glycemic index? Glycemic index is a measure of the potential of foods to raise the level of glucose in your bloodstream. Some examples include, breads, sugary drunks. 8. What percentage of daily calories should come from carbohydrates? 45-65% 9. What are some characteristics of saturated fats? Of unsaturated fats? Saturated fats, are so named because of their fatty acid chains are saturated with hydrogen. Typically from animal based foods- such as meat, cream, whole milk, cheese, or red meats. Also processed foods. Unsaturated fats, ahem fatty acid chains have one or more areas that are not ÒsaturatedÓ with hydrogen. This structure makes them more flexible, and they are typically liquid at room temperature. Like plant oils and fatty fish. 10. ____ fats are a particularly harmful form of fat occurring almost exclusively in processed foods containing partially hydrogenated oils.? Trans fats 11. What percentage of your of daily caloric intake should come from fats? 20% - 35% 12. Vitamin ________ regulates blood calcium levels and maintains bone health. Vitamin D 13. What are some important roles that water plays in the body? It is vital to digestions, absorption, circulation, body temperature regulation, and feeling of fullness. 18. What are phytochemicals? Phytochemicals are compounds that occur naturally in plants and are thought to support our health but are not nutrients. 19. Many phytochemicals act as _______, which have been shown to reduce your risk of Alzheimers. 11 Antioxidants 20. What are probiotics and prebiotics and why should you consume them? Probiotics are living, beneficial microbes that develop naturally in fermented dairy foods such as yogurt, buttermilk, and kefir, as well as fermented vegetable foods such as sauerkraut, miso, kimchi, and tempeh. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine. TheyÕre beneficial to grow good bacteria in the body to crowd out bad bacteria, viruses, and yeasts. 21. How do the following differ: vegetarian, vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, pesco-vegetarians, semivegetarians? Vegans: consume nothing derived from an animal - no meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk, cheese, or other dairy products and typically no gelatin or honey. Many vegans even avoid wearing animal products such as leather or use products tested on animals. Vegetarians: Do not eat meat but will consume dairy and eggs. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians: Avoid meat, poultry, and seafood but will consume dairy products and eggs. Pesco-vegetarians: Avoid red meat and poultry but will eat seafood dairy products, and eggs. Semi-vegetarians: May only avoid red meat or may eat animal-based products only once or twice a week. 22. What information is required to be listed on a food label? Service size, how many servings per container, Calories (per serving), (% daily value of:) Total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrates. and protein. 23. What is a foodborne illness? ÒFood poisoningÓ generally refers to illness caused by microbes consumed in food or beverages or by the toxins that certain microbes secrete into food that has not been properly preserved or stored. 24. 90% of all allergies are caused by eggs, nuts (peanut and tree nuts), soy, wheat, fish (and shellfish) and ________ ? milk 25. Define lactose intolerance. Inadequate level of a digestive chemical needed to properly break down the milk sugar lactose 12 Chapter 6 Physical Activity for Fitness and Health 1. Define muscular endurance, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness Muscular endurance: the capacity of your muscles to repeatedly exert force, or maintain force, over a period of time without tiring. Muscular strength:The maximum force your muscles can apply in a maximum effort of lifting, pushing, or pressing. Cardiorespiratory fitness: The ability of your heart and lungs to effectively deliver oxygen to muscles during prolonged physical activity. 2. What is the primary difference between static and dynamic muscular endurance? Static muscular endurance: how long you can hold force that is motionless Dynamic muscular endurance: How long you can sustain a force in motion 3. Define flexibility and list some health benefits of good flexibility? Flexibility refers to the ability of your joints to move through their full ranges of motion, such as how far you can rotate your neck from side to side or how far you can bend over. Flexibility relieves muscle tension, reduces joint, and back pain as well as receives posture. 4. What are some benefits of being physically active and exercising? Some benefits are purely physical, such as stronger heart and healthier lungs. But it can also put you in a better mood and help manage stress. 5. Exercise can prevent type 2 diabetes by increasing the bodyÕs ability to __________ Use insulin 6. Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of which cancers? Long-term risks of developing colorectal cancer in men and women and breast and ovarian cancers in women. 7. Exercise may reduce the risk of cancer by encouraging the body to process and remove ___ ______. Substances such as potential toxins that might cause cancer 8. What are the five principles of fitness training? 13 Overload, specificity, reversibility, individuality, and diminishing returns. 9. Explain the overload principle. The overload principle requires that you increase the stress placed on your body, creating a greater demand than your body is accustomed to meeting. 10. List the components of the FITT principle? FITT aids in progressive overload, which is a way to workout while also avoiding injury -Frequency, the number of times you engage in that activity every week -Intensity, the level at which you exercise often how fast you can get your heart rate beating -Time, the amount of time you spend on a particular exercise -Type, the sorts of exercise you chose to engage in 11. Intensity of training refers to the ______ you put into exercising. the level of effort 12. The principle that states your fitness level will decline if you don't maintain your physical activity is known as the principle of _________, . Frequency 13. Core strength creates stability in your _________, _______, ______ and pelvis. spine, pelvis, and shoulders 14. Being able to move quickly and fluidly through a range of motion is known as _____ flexibility. Dynamic flexibility 15. The body's core temperature drops too low during the condition known as ________. Hypothermia 16. What are some Òred flagsÓ indicating that you should stop exercising immediately? Pain, tightness, or pressure in you chest, arm, neck, and shoulder. Dizziness/nausea, Cold sweats, Severe muscle cramps, Extreme shortness of breath, pain in your joints, feet, ankles, and legs 17. The RICE protocol involves rest, ice, compression, and ______ . Elevation 14 18. _______ can cause facial hair in women and testicular shrinkage in men. (Page 148) Anabolic steroids Chapter 7 Body Image, Body Weight 1. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention obesity is considered a national _____. Epidemic 2. What is BMI? Body mass index, is one of the most common measures for assessing weight, as well as defining overweight and obese. It is a ratio between your height and weight 3. What is waist-to-hip ratio and what does it assess? Waist circumference divided by hip circumference - used to determine body shape 4. An overweight person more likely to have type 2 diabetes than an average weight person because of their resistance to __________? Insulin 5. How much weight does the typical first-year college students gain? What factors contribute to this weight gain? 7-8 lbs, Excess calorie intake and less physical activity 6. Obese people are at a higher risk of developing ________, a condition in which a person may stop breathing for short periods during sleep. Sleep Apnea 7. What is metabolic syndrome and what are its risk factors? A group of obesity-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. 8. Explain the concept of energy balance. The state achieved when energy consumed from food is equal to energy expended, maintaining body weight. 9. What does the majority of the energy a person utilizes daily goes toward? 15 Basal metabolism - that is, the bodyÕs maintenance of basic physiological processes (such as keeping vital organs functioning) when at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest. 10. What is basal metabolic rate? What factors contribute to a lower basal metabolic rate? Basal metabolic rate is the rate at which basal metabolism occurs in an individual. Age, sex and gender, genetics, and race/ethnicity all contribute to BMR. 11. Define: appetite, hunger and satiety. Hunger: the physiological sensation caused by lack of food. Appetite: The psychological response to the sight, smell, thought, taste or food and prompts or postpones eating. Satiety: Physical fullness: the state in which there is no longer the desire to eat, 12. What are some important guidelines to achieve a healthy fat intake? Low calorie diets, Low fat diets, Low carb diets 13. Describe anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder and disordered eating? Anorexia nervosa - seeing food as an enemy that must be controlled. Often signs include an intense fear of gaining weight, a highly distorted body image that continues to see fat where none exists, an inability to maintain a normal body weigh, and a refusal to eat or eating patterns that tightly restrict food intake Bulimia nervosa - a disorder marked by an ongoing cycle of seeking large amounts of food and then trying to get rid of the calories consumed. Typically starts with binge eating and then purging, Disordered eating - a range of unhealthy eating habits in which food is primarily used to deal with emotional issues. Does not warrant an official diagnosis for an eating disorder. Chapter 8 Addictions and Drug Use 1. Addiction is considered a chronic disease that originates in the _______. brain. It is chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. 2. Which illicit drug is most popularly used by college age adults.? 16 Marijuana 3. The non-medical use of ________ is the second largest category of illicit drug use in the United States. Non-medical prescription painkillers 4. Define the following terms: drug misuse, drug abuse, drug addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. Drug misuse - the inappropriate use of legal drug, either for a reason for which it is not medically intended or by a person without a prescription. Drug abuse - The use (most often the excessive use) of any legal or illegal drug in a way that is detrimental to your health. Drug addiction - Uncontrollable craving and use - despite negative consequences Dependence - The state of being mentally attached to and/or physically needing a drug Withdrawal - The process in which, and symptoms that develop when, a person stops using a drug 5. What are the four most common types of prescription drug misuse? Taking the incorrect dose, taking the medication at the wrong time, forgetting to take a dose, filling to take all the medicine. 6. T or F: Withdrawal symptoms occur as a result of physical dependence. True 7. Drugs are metabolized in the ________. Liver 8. The class of prescription drugs most commonly misused are __________? OTC Drugs 9. Why is a potential serious side effect of combining acetaminophen (Tylenol) en and alcohol? Increase the risk of liver damage 10. What is the danger of combining ibuprofen (Tylenol) and alcohol? Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, ulcers, internal bleeding, and kidney damage 11. Adderall and Ritalin are typically misused by college students who are attempting to improve their _______________. 17 Academic success. 12. What are the long-term effects of marijuana? Increase rate of anxiety, depression psychosis and personally disturbances. Long term attention, learning, and memory have all been shown to be impaired. 13. What is a common effect of excessive caffeine consumption? While users can immediately feel more alert and energetic, long term use can lead to restlessness, anxiety, dehydration, and irritability. 14. What is a serious complication associated with amphetamine use? Death and heart attacks 15. What side effect of Rohypnol can make its users vulnerable to sexual assault? Drowsiness, visual disturbances, dizziness and confusion Chapter 9 Alcohol and Tobacco Use and Abuse 1. According to national surveys, what percentage of U.S adults drinks alcohol? Slightly more than half (139.9 Million people) 2. Define binge drinking. In what age group is binge drinking most common? Binge drinking is defined as a pattern of drinking alcohol that results in a blood alcohol concentration level of 0.08% or above (essentially 5 or more drinks in 2 hours). 18-24 (college, military, or workforce) is the most common known group to binge drink. 3. Which groups are the most likely to binge drink? Which groups are least likely to binge drink? Athletes, sports fans, frats, sororityÕs, and extremely social students are more likely to binge drink. Women and minorities, religious, married and older students are likely to drink less. 4. What effect does parental acceptance of alcohol use during high school have on college drinking patterns? Students whose parents allowed alcohol consumption in high school were significantly more at risk for alcohol misuse and its consequences in college. 18 5. Where does the most alcohol absorption take place? Small intestines 6. Most digested alcohol is metabolized in the _______. Liver 7. What factors affect Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)? How much and how quickly you drink, what you drink, your sex, your age, your weight, your physical condition, your food intake, medications 8. What are the short-term effects of alcohol consumption? Dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, sleep disturbances, and alterations in the metabolic state of the liver and other organs (low blood sugar) 9. What are the symptoms of alcohol poisoning? Mental confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow or irregular breathing, low body temperature, and skin that is pale or bluish in color. 10. List and explain some negative consequences of using alcohol during pregnancy? Fetal alcohol syndrome, a pattern of birth defects such as facial abnormalities, retarded growth, and permanent intellectual and behavioral problems. Miscarriages 11. What factors increase a person's risk for abusing alcohol? Genetic, physiological, psychological, and social factors. As well as low self-esteem, impulsiveness, a need for approval, peer pressure, poverty, and being a victim to physical abuse or sexual abuse as well as chronic stress. 12. What are the characteristics the Òyoung adultÓ alcoholic subtypes. Typically do not abuse other drugs and are free of mental illness. They typically lack a family history of alcoholism and rarely seek help for their drinking problem. They drink less than alcoholics but often binge drink every time they drink. 13. What are the reasons young adults start smoking? Genetics, Family and peer exposure, age at initiating smoking, psychosocial factors, desire to lose weight, role of media and advertising 14. Which substance in a cigarette provides the smoker a sense of pleasure? 19 Nicotine 15. Nicotine activates the pleasure center of the brain and raises levels of which neurotransmitter? Dopamine 16. True or False: Adults who smoke have a life expectancy that is more than 10 years shorter than those who donÕt smoke. True 17. Smoking a key risk factor for what diseases? Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis 18. Why is important that pregnant women quit smoking? Fetal brain development, sudden infant death syndrome, born prematurely 19. What health conditions can secondhand smoke cause or exacerbate (make worse)? Cancer, respiratory infections, and asthma 20. Regarding health and safety, how do bidis compare to regular cigarettes? Three to five more times nicotine than a regular cigarette. It increases your chances of health risks Chapter 10 Social Relationships and Communication 1. Describe some differences in the communication styles of men and women. Men are more likely to communicate in order to perform tasks and seek social status; women are more likely to communicate to build personal connections and seek social interactions. Women seek to connect to others in conversations men want to be independent information givers. Women often want to build consensus before making a decision; men prefer to make decisions independently on their own. Women attempt to minimize differences; men may prefer giving orders and pointing out areas of superiority. Men speak significantly fewer words each dat then women; men often want to get to he point. Women process their problems out loud whereas men like to think through a problem silently and the verbalize their solutions, Women are more likely to use circular seek and may change their topic mid conversation whereas men are ore likely to use linear communication. 2. List and explain SternbergÕs three primary components of healthy, loving relationships? 20 Intimacy: The emotional component, intimacy is the feeling of closeness and connectedness experiences in loving relationships. Passion: The motivational component, passion is the intensity that fuels romance, physical attraction, and sex. Commitment: The cognitive component, commitment is the short-term decision to stay committed to maintaining love. 3. Define: intimacy, empty love, companionate love, romantic love and fatuous love. Intimacy: The feeling of closeness and connectedness experiences in loving relationships. Companionate love: Commitment and intimacy without passion. It is essentially committed friendship in which the passion has dies down, as sometime occurs in people have been married a long time. Romantic love: Romantic love is passion and intimacy without commitment, physical attraction with an emotional bond. Fatuous love: Fatuous love is commitment and passion without intimacy, a whirlwind romance that often does not last very long Empty love: Empty love is commitment alone. The passion is not there, and neither is the intimacy. Stagnant relationships 4. What are recommended safety precautions for online dating? Never give out your full name, address, or other personal information until you have met the person and are sure the person is trustworthy Make sure you meet your date in a public place. Avoid going to isolated places with a new date and avoid arranging to meet at your home. Always tell someone where you are going and what you are doing. If something doesnÕt feel right when you meet the person, donÕt be afraid to cut your date short. 5. Define the terms: homosexual, heterosexual, homonegativity and homophobia. Homosexual: A person who is sexually attracted to someone of the same sex Heterosexual: A person who is sexually attracted to someone of the opposite sex Homonegativity: Unfavorable views of those who are or are perceived to be homosexual Homophobia: Fear and hatred of homosexuality 6. What are signs of a healthy relationship? 21 Honesty, trust, respect, communication, freedom, encouragement, common interest and shared activities, kindness, appreciation, attentive every day, shared decision making. 7. What are the signs of a dysfunctional relationship? You focus on the other person at the expense of yourself You feel pressured to change to meet your partners ideals. Your partner expects you to justify what you do and whom you see, and you expect your partner to do the same One of you makes all the decisions without listening to your partners input You are afraid to disagree, and your ideas are criticized. You feel stifled and trapped, unable to escape the pressures of the relationship You or your partner is addicted to drugs or alcohol, and it impacts your relationship 8. What are benefits of marriage? Better mental health, better physical health and longer life expectancies, better financial health 9. What are risk factors for divorce? Severe mental distress, long term emotional problems to children, sadness. 10. What are domestic partnerships? Can both homosexual and heterosexual couples enter into them? A domestic partnership is a legal arrangement in which a couple lives together in a long-term committed relationship and receives some, but not all, of the rights of married couples. Yes both sexualities can enter. Chapter 11 Sexuality, Contraception, and Reproductive Choices 1. What does the term vulva refers to? All of the female external organs collectively. (Genitals) 22 2. The ________ is largely responsible for producing the female orgasm. Clitoris 3. What is menarche and when does it typically occur? The onset of menstruation, often occurs at the age of 12 but can start at 8 and late as 15 4. What can interrupt the menstrual cycle? Birth control, diet, weight loss. 5. What is PMS? List some its common symptoms? Premenstrual Syndrome - a collection of emotional and physical symptoms that occur just prior to your period. Breast tenderness, headaches, backaches, uterine cramping, irritability, odd swings, appetite changes, depression, and anxiety. 6. What is dysmenorrhea and what are its symptoms? Extreme pain related to your period that can disrupt normal activities, painful periods that include severe abdominal cramps, back or thigh pain, diarrhea, and even headaches. 7. What is endometriosis? Is a conditions in which endometrial tissue grows in areas outside the uterus, such as the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and other structures in the pelvic region. The condition can cause severe pain in the pelvic region that may be associated with the menstruation cycle. 8. What is the clinical definition of amenorrhea? Clinically defined as having no periods for at least 3 consecutive months, can often signal to serious underlying disorder of the reproductive regions. 9. List and define the four stages of Masters and JohnsonÕs human sexual response cycle. Excitement: Erotic mental or physical stimulation that leads to arousal. Increased heart and respiration rate and also increased blood pressure. Also, vaginal lubrication (Ògetting wetÓ) Plateau: Is more intense excitement that tales partners to the edge of orgasm, leading hearts to beat rapidly and making genitals sensitive to touch. Muscles in the penis begin to pulse, and the vaginal wall swells. Orgasm: The peak of climax or sexual response. Resolution: he body returns to normal functioning. If often includes a sense of both well-being and fatigue. 23 10. Unlike females, males experience a(an) _____ period Refractory period, a period of time when they are not immediately able to respond to stimulation with an erection and may actually find continued stimulation unwelcome or even painful. 11. What is erectile dysfunction? Other than injury or underlying disease, what are some other causes of ED? It is the inability to get or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. Fatigue, stress, depression, use of certain medications, or excessive alcohol or tobacco use. 12. What is outercourse? Is it a safe alternative to intercourse? Outercourse generally refers to sexual intimacy without penetration of the vagina or anus. Can range from making out to mutual masturbation. It is a safe alternative to intercourse because no semen enter the vagina, there is no risk of pregnancy, and the risk of STIÕs is minimized. 13. Which STIs can result from unprotected oral sex? Herpes, syphilis, hepatitis B, HPV, and gonorrhea. 14. What are some risks of anal intercourse? These tissues are much more fragile than those of the vagina, anal is the riskiest behavior of them all in terms of injury and infectious. Primary risk factors for acquiring HIV, AIDS, and it is also associated with the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea . 15. Define sexual orientation. What orientation do the majority of those in the U.S. consider themselves to be? Sexual orientation is the romantic and physical attraction toward others. The majority of people tend to describe themselves as heterosexual, in the US alone 96.6% of adults identified themselves as straight. 16. What are some signs of increased acceptance of homosexuality over the last ten to thirty years? People that believed it was a sin has gone down and more people have accepted same-sex marriage. 17. What is the most accurate way to define bisexuality? Attraction to both man and women, with a preference that can change/swing over time. 18. Describe transgender people? Gender identities that are opposite of their biological sex 19. Define conception and implantation. When and where to each occur? Conception - the combination of genetic material (DNA) of an egg and sperm cell 24 Implantation - The fertilized egg, zygote, must complete its journey through the fallopian tube and emerge into the uterus where it can implant the endometrium. 20. Using the chart on pages 270-272, answer the following: -Which contraceptive options also offer STI protection? Female condoms, Intimacy without Intercourse, Male condoms -Which methods can you purchase over the counter? Condoms, Contraceptive sponge, Spermicides, Emergency contraceptions -Which methods require surgery? Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, vasectomy -Of the IUD, male condom, transdermal patch and female condom, which has the lowest failure rate? IUD 21. What is an intrauterine device and how does it work? IUD - a small T-shaped plastic device that releases progestin 22. Fertility awareness contraceptive method involves the tracking of _________. Monthly menstruation cycle and fertility 23. What is the withdrawal method and what are some problems associated with it? It is the Òpull out method.Ó is often a failure because pre-cum may contain a couple sperms, which increases changes of pregnancy, and provides no protection against STIÕs. 24. What are some risks of using the contraceptive sponge? It can cause irritation and dryness, does not protect against STIÕs but increases the chance of one. It can be associated with increase risk of UTIÕs, vaginal infections, and toxic shock syndrome. 25. What are some long-term adverse effects of birth control pills? Increased blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, cervical and liver cancers. 25 Chapter 12 Preventing Infectious Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections 1. Define the following infectious disease terms: infection, pathogen, reservoir, host, carrier. Infection: The invasion of body tissues by microorganisms that use the bodyÕs environment to multiply and case disease Pathogen: An agent that causes disease Reservoir: The natural environment for any particular pathogen, where is accumulates in large numbers Host: A person, plant, or an animal in which or on which pathogens live and reproduce Carrier: A person infected with a pathogen who does not show symptoms but is infectious 2. What are some examples of direct and indirect transmission of disease? Direct: Contact with infected person (saliva, blood, bodily fluids) Contact with infected animal (pets, poop, insects) Indirect: Contaminated objects Airborne pathogens Bites from infected insects Contaminated food or water 3. What is your body's first line of defense against pathogens? External barrier, the skin in the first like of defense against germs. 4. What does research conclude about vaccines causing autism? That vaccines do not cause autism, the rise has gone up since 2001 but there is nothing linked to the fact that it was caused by the vaccine. 5. Why canÕt colds be can't be treated with antibiotics? Colds are viruses and not bacteria, antibiotics are meant to treat bacteria 6. What are viruses and how do they multiply? Viruses are microscopic organisms that have to invade your cells, and hijack them into functioning to multiply the virus. 26 7. What is the difference between Hepatitis A, B and C? How is each spread? Which type is the primary reason for liver transplants in the United States? Hepatitis A: most widespread, comes from feces that can lurk on fruits, vegetables, and ice cubes. Often spread by oral-anal sex. Hepatitis B: Is mainly spread through sexual contact. Hepatitis C: Is often contracted through sharing needles/syringes, sexual contact, and not sanitized tattoo needles. It is the leading cause for liver transplants in the US 8. What are bacteria? Are most harmful? Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are found throughout nature. Most are not harmful, actually most are helpful. 9. What are some examples of types of fungus? Multicellular mold, mildew, and mushrooms, as well as single-celled yeast 10. Emerging diseases are those that haven’t typically been seen/reported in an area, but are now causing health problems. Give an example of an emerging disease that has recently been in the news. Zika Virus 11. Regarding sexually transmitted diseases: How common are they? How many different pathogens cause them? (Page 304) The are extremely common, there are over 30 different sexually transmittable bacteria, virus and parasites. 12. What groups of people are disproportionately infected with HIV in the United States? Intravenous drug users, people engaging in unprotected sex or with multiple sexual partners, and pregnant women, also gay men. 13. In what ways can HIV be transmitted? It can be transmitted though unprotected sex, sharing needles, anal sex. You cannot get this virus through sneezing, coughing, and casual contact as it spreads through blood, seminal fluid, vagina fluid, and breast milk. 14. What is hepatitis B and how is it most commonly spread? It is an infectious virus most commonly spread through unprotected sex. 15. What is herpes? Can you spread herpes only when you have visible blisters? Herpes is a sexually transmitted disease. You can spread herpes without the blisters present, but it is 27 more likely that you will spread it when the blisters are active. 16. Which sexually transmitted infection can cause cancer? (Page 308-309) HOV Human papillomavirus 17. What is the difference between herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2)? Can condoms prevent the spread of herpes? HSV-1 is often responsible for the cold sores around your mouth where as HSV-2 is sexually transmitted and typically on the genital. Condoms can help prevent Herpes but because the blisters can show up on areas that do not cover the condom, it is not 100% effective. 18. What is human papillomavirus? What is the name of the vaccine recommended to prevent it? The vaccine for HPV is called, Gardasil for females of age 9-26, and a new one called cervix. HPV causes all types of warts on your body but it mostly is known for the common STI. 19. What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and what is a possible outcome of it? PID is an infection of a womanÕs uterus, fallopian tubes, and other reproductive organs that occurs when bacteria travel up from the vagina and spread. A possible outcome is infertility. 20. What may raise a woman's risk of contracting PID? (Page 310) Sexually active women under the age of 25, by douching, having an IUD inserted recently, or having multiple sex partners. Chapter 13 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer 1. What are some characteristics of chronic disease? comes gradually and lasts a long time, causing either continual symptoms or reoccurring boots of illness 2. What are some common risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes? Tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity. 3. The incidence of which chronic disease had more than triples in the previous 30 years? Diabetes 4. Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. 28 Type 1: Arises when the bodyÕs own immune system destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Patients will most likely be insulin-dependent with medication. Type 2: Mostly found in adults, starts with insulin resistance where the pancreas no longer makes normal amounts of insulin, but the body doesnÕt respond properly and resists itÕs effects. Often found in obese people. 5. What are some complications of diabetes? Extreme damage to blood vessels. Visions loss and blindness, gum disease, increased risk of heart attack or stroke, high blood pressure, pain, loss of sensation, tissue breakdown all resulting in amputation, sexual dysfunction, poor wound healing that can lead to amputations. 6. What is metabolic syndrome and what are some of its characteristics? Refers to this cluster of abnormalities, which includes, high fasting blood glucose and low HDL cholesterol. Increases type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) 7. What disease is the leading cause of adult mortality in the United States? Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD) 8. What type of cardiovascular disease is responsible for the most deaths in the U.S.? Coronary heart disease 9. What factors contribute to healthy blood pressure? The heart beat (Systole, and diastole), the ability of your veins to contract and move with the heartbeat, and the amount of blood that is flowing through your vessels. 10. What behaviors can reduce a person's risk of cardiovascular disease that they can control? Diet, level of physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, drug abuse, level of stress, sleep, blood pressure 11. What are some inherent links (risks you canÕt control) to CVD? age, sex, genetic inheritance, blood pressure, your blood lipids, LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein), Blood glucose, Inflammatory markers, Homocysteine 12. What happens when cancer metastasizes? The cancer invade surrounding tissue, and frequently their cells break away and enter into the blood stream or lymphatic system, where they circulate and find new places to take root. It makes treating a cancer much more challenging. 29 13. HPV is a risk factor for which cancer? Cervical and Uterine Cancers 14. What are some risk factors for skin cancer? Fair skin and red/blonde hair, skin that sunburns easily and does not tan easily, history of excessive sun exposure, past history of skin cancer. 15. Which is the deadliest form of skin cancer? Malignant Melanomas 16. What are risk factors for lung cancer? A history of smoking or exposure to second hand smoke Exposire to radon Exposure to other carcinogens such as asbestos or arsenic genetic factors 17. Smoking is a risk factor for which cancers? Lung, oral, pancreatic 18. What factors increase a person's risk for colon cancer? A family of colorectal cancer A family history of polyps, or precancerous growths, in the colon or rectum Being over the age of 50 Obesity Presence of an inflammatory bowel disorder, such as colitis or CrohnÕs disease 19. Testicular cancer primarily affects males in which age range? White males between he ages of 20 and 39 20. What are risk factors for both ovarian cancer and breast cancer? A family history of breast cancer, on either side of your family Inherited mutations in tumor suppressor genes identified as BRCA1 and BRCA2 Menstrual periods that started early and ended late 30 Chapter 14 Consumer Health 1. For what purpose do college students most often take over-the-counter medications? (Page 355) Pain relievers are the most common OTC medicine for college students 2. What is conventional medicine also referred to as? What is the most commonly used ÒComplementary and Alternative MedicineÓ (CAM) by college students? Conventional medicine is also called allopathic medicine or Western medicine. The common CAMS are herbal supplements, massage therapy, chiropractic, megavitamins, energy healing, and acupuncture. 3. Which type of managed-care plans offers the consumer the most options in seeking a provider? Point-of-service plans - they can see outside of their providers for an additional cost. 4. What is a deductible? copay? A copay is the the flat-fee charged at the time you receive a medical service or medication. Set by insurance. The deductible is the total amount out-of-pocket that a patient must pay before health insurance kicks in. If you are in an accident that costs you $20,000 a deductible might be the $2,000 you have to pay before insurance covers the rest. 5. What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid? Medicaid: Low-income individuals and families through joint state-federal sponsorship Medicare: A federal program that covers many health costs for Americans with certain disabilities or who are 65 years or older; as well as state and local childrenÕs health programs. 6. According to the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), how long can young people stay on their parents' insurance plan? Until they are 26 Chapter 15 Personal Safety and Injury Prevention 1. What is the number-one killer of young adults in the U.S.? Injuries 31 2. What are some factors that can lead to unintentional injuries? Intoxication, fatigue, and distraction. 3. Which cause of unintentional injuries results in the most deaths among young people? Unintentional poisoning or overdose 4. What are distracted driving behaviors and which is the most dangerous? Use of cell phone, reading or typing texts, eating, drinking, talking to passengers, grooming, reading maps or other materials, using navigational system, watching a video, or adjusting music 5. The majority of violent crimes in America are ________ assaults. Aggravated assault 6. Describe a person most likely to be the victim of a violent crime. Teena and young adults , or males 7. What are some factors that have been linked to higher rates of violent crime? Males, poverty, drugs and alcohol, violence in the media, childhood environment, personal or cultural beliefs, and stress 8. Explain what current research has concluded about the connection between violence and the media. Increased levels of aggressive behavior and a perception that violence is normal, the strength of this association is still unclear. 9. What does the Clery Act require universities to do? Disclose statistics about the crimes reported on and near their campuses 10. The majority of hate crimes target victims based on their ________________. Race 11. Abuse in a family or intimate relationship arises from the abuser's need for ________. Need for control 12. Why do victims who stay in abusive relationships do so? Financially dependence, children, beliefs against family separation or divorce, fear. 13. List and explain the three stages of the cycle of violence. 32 Tension building: Relatively minor abuse occurs and the victim responds by trying to please the abuser and avoid provoking another attack Acute battering: Abuser lashes out more forcefully, no matter accommodating or conciliatory the victim has been. Remorse: A phase in which the abuser may feel shock and denial over the abuse and swear it will never happen again. But the cycle of violence just ends up starting over. 14. What are some factors that lead to sexual violence? (Page 391) Hostility toward women, shared tolerance of sexual violence (frats), low self-control, substance abuse, ÒnoÓ isnÕt always heard as Òno.Ó 33