A Behavior Occurs Unit 5 Quiz

 Question 1 4 out of 4 points A behavior occurs and is immediately followed by a consequence that results in the increased likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future. This process is called: Selected Answer: a.! Reinforcement. Answers: a.! Reinforcement. b.! Conditioning. c.! A reinforcer. d.! Operant behavior. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 2 4 out of 4 points Barry throws the football into the stands after scoring a touchdown and is cheered by the fans. As a result, Barry is more likely to throw the ball into the stands whenever he scores a touchdown. This is an example of: Selected Answer: b.! Positive reinforcement. Answers: a.! Negative reinforcement. b.! Positive reinforcement. c.! Punishment. d.! Satiation. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 3 5 out of 5 points Here is a common situation: New parents put a child to bed. The child begins to cry, so the parents comfort the child and allow the child to sleep in bed with them. Thus, when they put the child to bed in the future, she is more likely to cry. What has occurred in this situation? Selected Answer: a.! The parents have positively reinforced crying. Answers: a.! The parents have positively reinforced crying. b.! The parents have negatively reinforced crying. c. The parents have punished crying by presenting a stimulus. d. There is not enough information to answer this question. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 4 4 out of 4 points In an avoidance contingency: Selected Answer: b. The aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus. Answers: a. The aversive stimulus is present prior to the response, which terminates the aversive stimulus. b. The aversive stimulus is looming but not present prior to the response. The occurrence of the response prevents the presentation of the aversive stimulus. c. The positive reinforcer is presented prior to the response, avoiding the need for an aversive stimulus. d.! The individual is punished prior to the response. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 5 4 out of 4 points In which of the following processes is the behavior more likely to occur in the future? Selected Answer: a.! Positive reinforcement. Answers: a.! Positive reinforcement. b.! Positive punishment. c.! Negative punishment. d.! Both A and C. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 6 4 out of 4 points Mary takes out the garbage, and as a result her parents let her watch her favorite television show. Mary is then more likely to take out the garbage when asked. Being able to watch her favorite television show is a ____________ for her behavior of taking out the garbage. Selected Answer: a.! Reinforcer. Answers: a.! Reinforcer. b.! Reinforcement. c.! Contingency. d.! Dependent variable.  Question 7 5 out of 5 points Molly is asked to get her book and start reading. Molly gets her book and starts reading. Molly's teacher ignores Molly. Molly continues to read her book. In the future, under similar conditions Molly continues to get her book and read.! Antecedent: "Molly, get your book and start reading."! Behavior: Gets book, reads.! Consequence: Access to an interesting story.! Which operation best describes this scenario? Selected Answer: a.! Positive reinforcement. Answers: a.! Positive reinforcement. b.! Negative reinforcement. c.! Positive punishment. d.! Negative punishment. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 8 5 out of 5 points National Public Radio (NPR) often holds fund drives to raise money for their radio stations. They frequently offer prizes for people who donate a certain amount of money. For example, they might offer a CD for those who donate at least $50 to the station. It is not clear whether this actually increases donations. What can we say about this situation? Selected Answer: c. The CDs function as a reward for donating money. Answers: a. The CDs function as a reinforcer for donating money. b. The money functions as a reinforcer for getting a CD. c. The CDs function as a reward for donating money. d. The money functions as a reward for getting a CD. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 9 4 out of 4 points Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by carefully attending to the role of the aversive stimulus. In a negative reinforcement contingency, the aversive stimulus __________, whereas in a punishment contingency, the aversive stimulus __________. Selected Answer: d. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior. Answers: a. Is presented following the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior. b. Is removed following the target behavior; is present before the target behavior occurs. c. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior. d. Is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 10 4 out of 4 points Negative reinforcement involves: Selected Answer: b. Removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior. Answers: a. Presenting an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior. b. Removing an aversive stimulus contingent upon a behavior. c. Removing a desirable stimulus contingent upon a behavior. d.! Punishing a behavior. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 11 4 out of 4 points Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that: Selected Answer: d.! All of the other answers are correct. Answers: a.! They both produce an increase in responding. b. They both involve a stimulus change following a target behavior. c. They can either be conditioned or unconditioned. d.! All of the other answers are correct. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 12 4 out of 4 points Rebecca walks by her kitchen cabinet and smells something foul. She looks into the cabinet and sees that the cat's litter box is full. She scoops the waste and pours in fresh litter. Rebecca no longer smells the odor. In the future, under similar conditions Rebecca continues to scoop and pour litter.! Antecedent: Foul odor and the sight of the full cat litter box.! Behavior: Scooping the waste and pouring fresh litter.! Consequence: Foul odor is removed.! Which operation best describes this scenario? Selected Answer: b.! Negative reinforcement. Answers: a.! Positive reinforcement. b.! Negative reinforcement. c.! Positive punishment. d.! Negative punishment. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 13 4 out of 4 points Simon is sitting in his living room and gets a chill from the open window. He gets up and closes the window. The chill in the air is removed. In the future, under similar conditions, Simon closes the window when he feels a chill.! Antecedent: Gets a chill.! Behavior: Closes the window.! Consequence: Chill is removed.! Which operation best describes this scenario? Selected Answer: b.! Negative reinforcement. Answers: a.! Positive reinforcement. b.! Negative reinforcement. c.! Positive punishment. d.! Negative punishment. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 14 4 out of 4 points The key distinction between positive and negative reinforcement is: Selected Answer: c. The type of stimulus change that occurs following a response. Answers: a.! The effect on behavior. b. The stimulus change with positive reinforcement has a discrete onset and offset, where the stimulus change with negative reinforcement does not. c. The type of stimulus change that occurs following a response. d.! Both A and C.  Question 15 4 out of 4 points The stimulus presented following the behavior in positive reinforcement is called: Selected Answer: c.! A positive reinforcer. Answers: a.! A conditioned stimulus. b.! A negative reinforcer. c.! A positive reinforcer. d.! An aversive stimulus. Answer Feedback:  Question 16 Correct. 4 out of 4 points The stimulus removed or avoided following the behavior in negative reinforcement is referred to as the ___________ stimulus. Selected Answer: c.! Aversive. Answers: a.! Natural. b.! Uncondition ed. c.! Aversive. d.! Conditioned. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 17 4 out of 4 points Timmy swears whenever his mom makes broccoli for dinner. Timmy's mom always sends him to his room without dinner when he swears. As a result, Timmy is more likely to swear when his mom makes broccoli. This is an example of: Selected Answer: c.! Negative reinforcement. Answers: a.! Positive reinforcement. b.! Punishment. c.! Negative reinforcement. d.! Extinction. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 18 5 out of 5 points Which is true? Selected Answer: b. The behavior that occurs temporally closest to the presentation of a reinforcer will be strengthened by its presentation. Answers: a. When implementing a reinforcement contingency, it is acceptable to wait 30 seconds following the emission of a target response to deliver the reinforcer. b. The behavior that occurs temporally closest to the presentation of a reinforcer will be strengthened by its presentation. c. Establishing operations are relatively consistent and do not tend to change over time. d. For reinforcement to work, the individual must be aware that reinforcement has occurred. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 19 4 out of 4 points Which is true? Selected Answer: a. Another descriptor for the three-term contingency is the discriminated operant. Answers: a. Another descriptor for the three-term contingency is the discriminated operant. b.! A primary reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer. c. As a general rule, it is safer to assume that a high-preference item identified through a trial-based method of assessment is less likely to serve as a reinforcer than one identified via a survey method of assessment. d.! All of the other answers are correct. Answer Feedback :  Correct. Question 20 4 out of 4 points Which of the following are factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement? Selected Answer: c.! Both A and B. Answers: a. Different reinforcers work for different people. b. Larger reinforcers are generally more effective. c.! Both A and B. d.! None of the above. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 21 4 out of 4 points Which of the following examples illustrates socially mediated negative reinforcement? Selected Answer: c. Sandy asks her mother for help washing the dishes to reduce the amount of time she has to spend in the kitchen doing chores. Answers: a.! Alice scratches her arm to alleviate an itch. b. Marge closes her eyes when the wind picks up on the beach to avoid getting sand in her eyes. c. Sandy asks her mother for help washing the dishes to reduce the amount of time she has to spend in the kitchen doing chores. d. Paul uses the remote control to mute the television during commercials to avoid listening to the commercial hype. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 22 4 out of 4 points Which of the following influences the effectiveness of reinforcement? Selected Answer: d.! All of these. Answers: a.! Immediacy. b.! Contingency. c.! Establishing operations. d.! All of these. Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 23 4 out of 4 points Which of the following is!not!a question to ask when trying to decide whether a situation represents positive or negative reinforcement? Selected Answer: b.! Did the stimulus appear to be pleasant? Answers: a.! What is the behavior? b.! Did the stimulus appear to be pleasant? c.! Was the stimulus added or removed? d.! Was the behavior more likely to occur? Answer Feedback:  Correct. Question 24 4 out of 4 points Which of the following processes strengthen a behavior? Selected Answer: d.! Both A and C. Answers: a.! Positive reinforcement. b.! Punishment. c.! Negative reinforcement. d.! Both A and C. Answer Feedback: Correct.