Lab 10 Fetal Pig

DEEP MUSCLES​: 1. BICEPS BRACHII ● Muscle with 2 heads. 2. TRICEPS BRACHII ● Medial head ● Muscle with 3 heads ○ Medial, Long, Lateral. ○ Medial head is in the middle region, is the only part of the triceps brachii. ○ As seen in the cow below there is the lateral head and the long head (color coded). ● ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE PAIR​ —-> when one muscle contracts the other retracts and relaxes. ● BRACHIAL PLEXUS ○ From top to bottom: ■ Vain ■ Nerve ■ Artery 4 TYPES OF MOVEMENT: 1. FLEXION​ —> decreasing joint angle 2. EXTENSION​ —> increasing joint angle 3. ABDUCTION​ —> moving limbs away from body 4. ADDUCTION​ —> moving limbs towards body LAB 11: FETAL PIG CONTINUED: DISSECTING GUIDELINES: ● Cut through the rib cage and the thoracic region. ● To expose the muscles in the neck, if the stern mastoid is exposed you could use a probe or scissors to expose what is underneath. ● For the thoracic region an incision using a scalpel is made till the umbilical cord region is reached and the ribcage is semi-hard/soft. ○ Feel where ribs are and make lateral incisions to get all the ribs out of the way and pull the ribcage back. ● To expose the abdominal cavity, to avoid cutting through the umbilical cord you use scissors around and flap the skin over to expose the inside. ○ Have to cut the umbilical vein in order to flap skin. ■ May find that cloud view: ● Dry blood that wasn’t drained. ● Latex dye. ● Might need to drain leftover bodily fluids. and INTERNAL ANATOMY: 1. LARYNX​ —> whute, bulbous structure, “voice box” 2. TRACHEA ​—> emerges from larynx, has a scaly appearance, “windpipe”. ● Part of the respiratory system and made up of cartilage. ● Semi flexible, semi hard. ● Passageway for air both in and out. ○ Air goes both in and out through the mouth and nasal cavity. ● Has 2 branches called ​BRONCH​I​ that go directly into the lungs. 3. LUNGS ​—> many lobes, bronchus branches into smaller branches in lunges called BRONCHIAL​, which terminates in an air sac called ​ALVEOLUS​, which is where gas exchange takes place (breathe in oxygen and out carbon dioxide. ● Surrounding the alveoli are small blood vessels called CAPILLARIES, microscopic blood vessels ● Closed circulatory system 4. RIGHT AND LEFT THYMUS GLAND​ —> orange and scaly, part of the endocrine system. 5. THYROID GLAND​ —> produces and releases hormone, part of the endocrine system, at the base of the trachea. 6. ESOPHAGUS​ ​—> long tube which leads past diaphragm, and to the digestive system/stomach. ● Complete digestive system. 7. DIAPHRAGM ​—> muscular piece of tissue that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. ● Moves when breathing. 8. STOMACH​ —> circular organ (j-shaped in humans) ● The tissue that makes up the lining has cells that produce ​HCl​ (acidic, low pH) so chemical digestion further takes place. ● There is an enzyme called ​Pepsin ● Contents in the stomach are called ​Chyme​, which is very acidic. 9. SMALL INTESTINE ​—> chyme leaves stomach and is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate (​NaHCO3)​ and that is produced by the pancreas. ● Small in diameter. ● Has coils, very long, absorbs nutrients through capillaries. ● Many small folds in lining with microscopic​ VILLI​ and inside each villus are many capillaries and things can get through its membranes due to its thin lining. 10. PANCREAS​ —> produces NaHCO3, yellow organ, pointy, scaley accessory organ under stomach; transfers NaHCO3 to small intestine by small duct. 11. SPLEEN​ —> left side, red, long 12. CECUM ​—> beginning of long intestine 13. DESCENDING COLON​ —> merges into rectum 14. LIVER​ —> right side under diaphragm, largest internal organ, light side is the bottom. ● Gets rid of toxic waste. ● Circulatory system inside = ​HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM ● Produces ​BILE​ = emulsifier, breaks up fat (stored in gallbladder) 15. GALLBLADDER​ —> embedded in the liver, connected via a small duct. 16. HEART​ —> thoracic cavity between lungs. ● PERICARDIUM​ = stack of thin connective tissue that protects the hard and on top is another thymus gland.