Honors Spanish 2

Honors Spanish 2 What does this course consist of? Spanish II covers less of the basics and gives you more skills for everyday conversations. At the end of the year, you will be able to have a full conversation with someone, talking about yourself, your friends, and being able to ask a question to someone else. You will also be working in different tenses. You should be able to talk about your daily routine and tell the time. Your pronunciation will improve and you will be expected to have a better grasp on how to spell out words. Although intimidating, with this study guide and starting your studying early, you will do great in Spanish II. How to Study for Spanish ● Practice, Practice, Practice. Don’t just read through the study guide, put these into practice by creating practice problems. When using vocabulary, try to imagine real life scenarios where you would be having a conversation with someone. The best way to learn a foreign language is to simply practice. ● Surround yourself with Spanish. The best way to become fluent in a foreign language is to immerse yourself in it. Listen to music in Spanish, watch a movie in spanish with English subtitles on. If you surround yourself in just a few minutes of Spanish every single day, you will find that studying for tests or quizzes becomes a lot easier. ● Start studying for your upcoming tests or quizzes the moment you learn about them. This is so incredibly important. Take your time. Foreign language is hard and cramming for a test will do nothing but stress you out. If you start studying for just twenty minutes everyday after school, you will find that come test time, you will already know most of what is on the study guide. Take your time when studying for a test, language does not come easy. But with a little bit of practice each day, your Spanish will improve drastically. ● Converse with others. Holding conversations in Spanish or listening to conversations in Spanish can help you tremendously. It helps you listen to the back and forth that occurs when talking. Speaking Spanish, and writing or reading Spanish is very different. Things tend to be shortened and the conversations move a lot faster. Try to get that flow and work on your pronunciation. Listen to a few people talk back and forth and try to see what you can pick up. Listening to others hold conversations has proven to be very helpful towards learning a language. Pronunciation ● Vowels: In Spanish, vowels can make “long” and “short sounds. Every vowel in Spanish makes a distinct sound and always keeps that sound (tip: try sounding out each letter are we go down the list) ■ A- “ah” sound ■ E- “ay” sound ■ I- “ee” sound ■ O- “oh” sound ■ U- “ooh” sound If Y is used as a vowel, it will make the “ee” sound as well. ● Other Letters sounds: ○ C- when C is paired with A, O, or U it makes a “K” sound. ○ C- when C is paired with E or I, it makes the “S” sound. ○ G- when G is paired with A, O, or U it makes the hard “G” sound. ○ G- when G is paired with E or I it makes the “H” sound. ○ -GUI (words ending with -gui) makes the “GHEE” sound. ○ -GUE (words ending with -gue) makes the “GAY” sound. ○ H- the H in Spanish is Silent. It makes no sound. ○ CH- makes the same sound in Spanish as it does in English. ○ J- makes the “H” sound. (Ex: Junio is pronounced: Hoo- nyoh) ○ L- makes the “L” sound (Ex: Lamo is pronounced “Lah-mo”) ○ LL- makes the “Y” sound (Ex: Llamo is pronounced “Yah-mo”) ○ N- makes the “N” sound (Ex: Ano is pronounced “Ah- no”) ○ Ñ- makes the “NY” sound (Ex: Año is pronounced “Ah- nyo”) ○ -QUE (words ending with -que) make the “KAY” sound ○ -QUI (words ending with -qui) make the “KEY” sound ○ R- makes a “soft D” sound (Ex: María is pronounced “Mah- dee- ah”) ○ RR- makes the “trill” sound (known as a rolled r) ○ V- makes the “B” sound (Ex: Violente is pronounced “Bee- oh- layn- tay”) ○ Z- makes the “S” sound (Ex: Zapato is pronounced “Sah- pah- toh”) ● Practice Time: for each of these words you are going to sound them out with the phonetics. Start slow sounding out each phonetic syllable before speeding up and putting them all together. ○ Buenas: “bweh- nahs” ○ Placer: “plah- ser” ○ Quién: “kyehn” ○ Tu: “too” ○ Nombre: “nohm- breh” ○ Jueves: “hweh- bues” ○ Seis: “seys” ○ Hasta: “ahs- ta” ○ Menos: “meh- nos” ○ Mañana: “mah- nyah- nah” ○ Hoy: “oy” ○ Bien: “byehn” ○ Usted: “oohs- tehd” ○ Estar: “ehs- thar” ○ Me llamo: “meh yah-mo” ○ Gusto: “goos-toh” ○ Encantado: “en- kahn- tah- do” ○ Días: “dee- ahs” ○ Idea: “ee- deh- ah” ○ Mi: “mee” ○ Clase: “klah- seh” ○ Maestro: “mah- ehs- tro” ○ Español: “ehs- pa- nyohl” ○ Nevar: “neh- bahr” ○ Allí: “ah- yee” ○ Aquí: “ah- kee” ○ Centro: “sehn- tro” ○ Comercial: “koh- mehr- syahl” ○ Parque: “pahr- keh” ○ Teatro: “teh- ah- tro” ○ Taza: “tah- sah” ○ Tenedor: “teh- neh- dhor” ○ Piano: “pyah- noh” ○ Igualmente: “ee- gwehl- mehn- teh” ○ Correr: “koh- rrehr” ○ Burro: “boo-rroh” ● How to roll your R’s: rolling your R’s happens by pushing air past your tongue in a way that it makes your tongue vibrate. Make sure your tongue is relaxed whilst trilling it. The trill is not coming from your tongue hitting your mouth. Rolling your R’s takes a lot of practice. If you can't figure it out, don’t stress. Just use a regular spanish R, and you will be fine. Rolling your R’s takes a lot of work, even for native speakers. Vocabulary ● In Spanish II you will take on more challenging vocabulary, for this study guide each group of words you need is sorted into here. You will talk about your daily routine, travel, your home, and you should be able to read a fairy tale in spanish. Daily Routine (all words in this list will needed to be conjugated before used) ● Despertarse: to wake up ● Levantarse: to get up ● Ir al baño: to go to the bathroom ● Tender la cama: to make the bed ● Desayunar: to have breakfast ● Desvestirse: to get undressed ● Bañarse: to shower ● Vestirse: to get dressed ● Peinarse: to brush your hair ● Cepillarse los dientes: to brush your teeth ● Maquillarse: to put on make-up ● Afeitarse: to shave ● Prepararse: to get ready ● Ir a trabajar: to go to work ● Ir a la escuela: to go to school ● Manejar: to drive ● Tomar el autobús: to catch the bus ● Trabajar: to work ● Estudiar: to study ● Ir a casa: to go home ● Llegar a casa: to get home ● Cocinar: to cook ● Comer: to eat Activities in your daily routine ● Hacer deporte: to play sports ● Hacer ejercicio: to exercise ● Pasear: to go for a ride ● Andar en bicicleta: to ride a bicycle ● Patinar: to skate ● Ir a caminar: to go for a walk ● Ir de compras: to go shopping ● Pasear al perro: to take the dog for a walk ● Cenar: to have dinner ● Descansar: to rest ● Ver la television: to watch TV ● Escuchar música: to listen to music ● Jugar: to play ● Tocar: to play (an instrument) ● Hacer la tarea: to do homework ● Lavar los platos: wash the dishes ● Lavar la ropa: to wash the clothes ● Leer un libro: to read a book ● Llamar por teléfono: to call ● Poner la mesa: to set the table ● Limpiar la dormitorio: to clean your room ● Barrer: to sweep ● Aspirar: to vacuum ● Trapear: to mop ● Darle de comer al perro: to feed the dog ● Regar las plantas: to water the plants ● Sacar la basura: to take the trash out ● Poner el despertador: to set the alarm clock ● Acostarse: to go to bed ● Dormirse: to sleep ● Soñar: to dream ● Quedarse dormido: to oversleep ● *note the difference between dormirse and acostarse: dormirse is used when you are actually sleeping, acostarse means the time you lay down and are not asleep yet, so if you are playing in your phone in bed, you would use acostarse. But if you are physically sleeping you would use dormirse. When in doubt use acostarse. ● Times you would use this vocabulary: talking about your day, giving a command, asking someone to do something, answering a question Travel Vocabulary ● El país: country/ nation ● El estado: state ● La provincia: province ● La ciudad: city ● El edificio: building ● El rascacielos: skyscraper ● El museo: museum ● El estadio: stadium ● El metro: subway ● El parque: park ● El banco: bank ● La plaza mayor: main plaza ● El pueblo: village ● El mercado: market ● El centro comercial: mall ● El almacén: department store ● La tienda: store ● La iglesia: church ● La catedral: cathedral ● La mezquita: mosque ● El sinagoga: synagogue ● Las ruinas: ruins ● El templo: temple ● El pirámide: pyramid ● El castillo: castle ● La fortaleza: fort ● El campo: country/ countryside/ field ● La granja: farm ● La montaña: mountain ● El bosque: forest ● La selva: jungle ● El desierto: desert ● El lago: lake ● El río: river ● La cascada: waterfall ● La isla: island ● La playa: beach ● El océano: ocean ● La arena: sand ● La ola: wave ● El pasaporte: passport ● La identificación: ID ● La mochila: backpack ● La maleta: suitcase ● El boleto: ticket ● El crucero: cruise ● El barco: ship ● El puerto: port ● El muelle: dock ● El vuelo: flight ● Al avión: airplane ● El aeropuerto: airport ● El viaje: trip ● El tren: train ● El estación: station ● El metro: subway ● La parada: stop (bus stop, train stop) Household items: ● La casa: house ● La pared: wall ● La puerta: door ● La ventana: window ● El techo: roof ● El sofá: sofa ● El sillón reclinable: recliner ● La mesita central: coffee table ● El televisor: television ● La cortina: curtain ● La lámpara: lamp ● La alfombra: rug ● La bañera: bathtub ● La ducha: shower ● El inodoro: toilet ● El lavamanos: sink ● El grifo: faucet ● El espejo: mirror ● El jabón: soap ● La toalla: towel ● La toallita: washcloth ● El champú: shampoo ● La pasta de dientes: toothpaste ● El cepillo de dientes: toothbrush ● El secador: hair dryer ● El peine: comb ● El cepillo: brush ● La nevera: refrigerator ● El congelador: freezer ● La estufa: stove ● El horno: oven ● El caldero: pot ● La sartén: frying pan ● La olla: saucepan ● el mostrador: counter ● El gabinete: cabinet ● La cafetera: coffee maker ● El cuchillo: knife ● El tenedor: fork ● La cuchara: spoon ● La taza: cup ● La mesa: table ● La silla: chair ● La lavadora: washing machine ● La secadora: dryer ● La escoba: broom ● La limpiadora: mop ● El recogedor: dustpan ● La mesa de planchar: ironing board ● La basura: garbage ● La cuna: crib ● El carrito: stroller ● El pañal: diaper ● El biberón: bottle ● El chupador: pacifier ● El babero: bib ● Animal de peluche: stuffed animal ● El corral de juego: playpen ● La escupidera: potty (for babies) ● La cama: bed ● El colchón: mattress ● La sábana: sheet ● La almohada: pillow ● La funda: pillowcase ● La colcha: bedspread ● La cobija: blanket ● La mesita: nightstand ● El despertador: alarm clock Outside the house ● El árbol: tree ● La piscina: pool ● La flor: flower ● El arbusto: bush Professions: ● Abogado: lawyer ● Tendero: groder ● Anfitriona: airline hostess ● Arquitecto: architect ● Bombero: fireman ● Cajero: cashier ● Camarero: bartender ● Camionero: truck driver ● Campersino: farm worker ● Carnicero: butcher ● Carpintero: carpenter ● Cartero: postal worker ● Casero(a): landlord ● Cazador: hunter ● Científico: scientist ● Cirujano: surgeon ● Cocinero: chef ● Comerciante: merchant ● Conductor: driver ● Consejero: counselor ● Constructor: construction worker ● Consultor: consultant ● Contador: accountant ● Dentista: dentist ● Detective: detective ● Director: principal ● Revisor: editor ● Dueño: owner ● Electricista: electrician ● Empleado: employee ● Encargado de banquetes: caterer ● Enfermero: nurse ● Escritor: writer ● Farmacéutico: pharmacist ● Gerente: manager ● Hostia: hostess ● Ingeniero: engineer ● Jardinero: gardener ● Supervisor: boss ● Juez: judge ● Lavandero: laundry person ● Lechero: milkman ● Licenciado: university graduate ● Maestro: teacher ● Mecánico: mechanic ● Médico: doctor ● Mesero: waiter ● Padre: priest ● Panadero: baker ● Paramédico: paramedic ● Ministerial: pastor ● Periodista: reporter ● Pescador: fisherman ● Pintor: painter ● Plomero: plumber ● Policía: policemen ● Portero: doorman ● Profesión: profession ● Profesor: professor ● Psicólogo: psychologist ● Químico: chemist ● Quiropráctico: chiropractor ● Rebuscador: researcher ● Repardor: repairman ● Revisor: train conductor ● Taxista: taxi driver ● Ténico de laboratorio: lab technician ● Tendero: shopkeeper ● Veterinario: veterinarian Making a command: ● Making a command is something you will learn during this course and once you get the hang of it, it is very simple. ● Making a command is something your parents or teacher might use towards you. This is not language you would want to talk with when speaking to your principal or someone who you respect. You want to make sure that when speaking, the language you use is appropriate for the time. ○ An example of a command your parents may give you: Go make your bed. We have guests coming over. ○ If you were talking to your parents you would say: Can you please go make your bed, I have guests coming over. ● If you were to make a command towards your parents you would probably get in trouble for having a bad attitude. It's the same way in Spanish. ○ An example of what your parents might say: Haz la cama (Make the bed.) ○ An example of what you might say: ¿Puedes por favor ir a hacer la cama? (Can you please go make the bed ● A quick summary of when it is and isn’t appropriate to make a command: ○ Speaking to someone younger than you ○ NOT when you are talking to your boss ○ It is okay when speaking to your friends ○ NOT when speaking to your teachers ○ It is okay to use when speaking to siblings ○ NOT when speaking to parents or grandparents ○ It is okay when speaking to someone of your same age ○ NOT when you are speaking to an adult (while you are a kid) ● The reason it is so important to make sure you are making a command at the right time, is if you were to use this in a foreign country or to your Spanish teacher, it would be seen as very disrespectful and could get you in trouble. Timing is keen. ● There are two types of commands we will be learning: affirmative tu commands and negative tu commands ○ Tú commands are the singular form of informal command ○ Affirmative commands are used to tell something what they should do, whereas negative tú commands are used to tell someone what they shouldn’t do. ● Affirmative Commands: ○ Ejemplar (example) : Compra los libros ○ How to make a command: you are simply going to add the third person singular ending to the stem -AR endings (present tense) First person singular: -o First person plural: -amos Second person singular: -as Second person plural: -áis Third person singular:- a Third person plural: -an ● Even though we are using tú, when commanding someone you use the ellas/ ellos ending. ● Same thing happens for -er and -ir verbs. ○ They use the ending -e when making a command. ● Ejemplar: Compra la camisa (buy the shirt) ○ Making a command: ○ Verb Stem Command Definition Aprender aprend- Aprende espanol Learn spanish Escribir escrib- Escribe el ensayo Write the essay Cerrar cierr- Cierra la puerta Close the door movar muev- Mueve esas sillas. Move those chairs. ○ *NOTE: the last two verbs are stem changers, if the verb stem changes in the present tense, then it stem changes when making a command. ● Irregular Affirmative Commands: ○ These are still our commands, they are just not what they normally would be if we were following the rules laid out for us. These ones are really irregular ○ Verb Affirmative Command Ser Sé Ir Ve Tener Ten Venir Ven Hacer Haz Decir Di Poner Pon Salir Sal ● To make an negative command: ○ This is super simple, you just add no. A negative command is when someone is saying something similar to saying don’t. Have you ever heard a mother tell her kid: don’t draw on the walls. That would be a negative command. She is telling her kid not to do something which makes it a negative command. ■ Affirmative: Haz la cama. ■ Negative: No haz la cama. ■ Affirmative: Traelo (bring it) ■ Negative: No Traelo (don’t bring it) ■ Affirmative: Dilo (say it) ■ Negative: No Dilo. (don’t say it) ○ Try making a command yourself, and try using it in your day to day life. Take the commands you say to your friends everyday, and put them into spanish. Then turn the command negative. Review of Present tense: ● Present tense should have been covered in Spanish I but just as a refresher, here is the chart you will use. For each verb, it will end in either: -ar, -er, or -ir. Whatever ending it has, you will use that verb ending chart. ○ -ar yo : -o Nosotros: -amos Tu: -as *Vosotros: -áis ello/ ella/ usted: -a Ustedes/ ellas/ ellos: -an ● *note that Vosotros is only used in Spain. Most places don’t teach it, but you need to know it exists. ○ -er Yo: -o Nosotros: -emos Tu: -es Vosotros: éis ello/ ella/ usted: -e Ustedes/ ellas/ ellos: -en ● *Note: -er and -ir are very similar, ○ -ir Yo: -o Nosotros: -imos Tu: -es Vosotros: ís ello/ ella/ usted: -e Ustedes/ ellas/ ellos: -en ● When turning a verb into present tense, all you want to do is drop the ending and add the new one. ○ Ex: Hablar Hablo (I talk) Hablamos (we talk) Hablas (you talk) Habláis (you all talk) Habla (He/ she talks) Hablan (they talk) ○ You drop the ar and add the new ending, based on the chart. ○ Ex: Beber ○ Bebo (i drink) Bebemos (we drink) Bebes (you drink) Bebéis (you all drink) Bebe (he/ she drinks) Beben ( they drink) Ex: Pedir Pido (I ask) Pedimos (we ask) Pides (you ask) Pedís (you all ask) Pide (he/ she ask) Piden (they ask) ○ *Pedir is an irregular verb, so the stem of it changes, the endings however do not. Preterite vs. Imperfect ● This is a past tense, used to describe things that have already happened ● The preterite tense is used to show things that have already ended ● Imperfect is to show actions that have no definite beginning or end ● When to use: Preterite ● Actions viewed as single events ● Actions repeated a certain amount of times ● Occurred in a specific period of times ● Part of a chain of events ● Beginning or end of an event ● Interrupting events ● Words to tip off Preterite tense: ayer, anoche, cuando, durante dos, una vez, anteayer, el año pasado, entonces, el otro día Imperfect ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Repeating habitually Telling time/ age Setting the stage Physical conditions Mental states Weather Descriptions Words to tip off Imperfect tense: siempre, casi siempre, todos los días, todos los semanas, normalmente, con frecuencia, a menudo, a veces, casi nunca. Preterite Endings ● -ar -é -amos -aste -asteis -ó -aron ● -er/-ir -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron ● Ex: Hablar (to talk) Hablé hablamos Hablaste hablasteis Habló hablaron ○ From using it as the preterite tense, they are saying: I spoke; you spoke; she/he spoke; we spoke; you all spoke; they spoke. Irregulars: ● The preterite tense has quite a few irregulars including: ser, ir, dar, and ver. ○ Ser (to be) fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron ○ Ir (to go) fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron ■ *The only way you can tell the difference between ser and Ir in the preterite tense, is context. ○ Dar (to give) di dimos diste disteis dio dieron ○ Ver (to see) vi vimos viste visteis vio vieron ● Examples using preterite: ○ Empezó a nevar. (it begins to snow) ○ Compré un teléfono nuevo. (I bought a new phone) ○ Bob nació en Espana. (Bob was born in Spain) ○ Claire y Manny se casaron. (Claire and Manny got married) ○ Leíste libro el año pasado. (You read this book last year.) ○ Tú entraste, bebiste un vaso de leche, y comiste un tazón de sopa. (you entered, drank a glass of milk, and ate a bowl of soup.) Imperfect Endings: ● -ar ● -aba -ábamos -abas -abais -aba -aban -er/ -ir -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ía ● There are only 3 irregular Imperfect Conjugations: ir, ser, ver ○ Ir (to go) iba ibamos ibas ibais iba iban ○ Ser (to be) era éramos eras erais era eran ○ Ver (to see) veía veíamos veías veíais veía veían ● Examples for imperfect tense: ○ Almorzábamos cada dia. (We used to eat lunch together every day.) ○ Yo trabajaba (I was working) ○ Conocía bien a Julia (I knew Julia well.) ○ Sabía que algo estaba mal. (I knew something was wrong.) ○ Tu hablabas mucho (you talked a lot) ○ Isabel tenía ocho años. (Isabel used to be eight years old.)