Spanish 1 Study Guide

SPANISH 1 STUDY GUIDE Alphabet(El abecedario): ● The alphabet in Spanish looks similar to the alphabet in English, but definitely sounds different. Numbers (Los Números): ● Make sure to memorize the basics…the numbers multiple of ten sounds like the numbers 1-9* 1. Learn the numbers for 1-15. There's no real pattern, you just have to learn them: uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez, once, doce, trece, catorce, quince. 2. Learn the numbers for the multiples of ten: veinte, treinta, cuarenta, cincuenta, sesenta, setenta, ochenta, noventa. A few tips to help you remember: a. Other than veinte, they all end in -enta b. Other than veinte (again), they all have a clear relationship with the related smaller number: cuatro <-> cuarenta, ocho <-> ochenta, etc. c. For the number 16-19, “diez + y + (digit)”. Ex. “diez + y + siete” = “diez y siete” (diecisiete) d. Numbers above 20 is simple -- take the “tens” number (veinte, treinta, etc.) and the “ones” number (uno, dos, tres, etc.) and stick “y” (“and”) in the middle. E.g. 31 = “thirty and one” = treinta y uno. 98 = “ninety and eight” = noventa y ocho. e. zero = cero (this one should be easy to remember!) 1 f. 100 = cien (note the link with English words like “century”, “centipede”, or “percent“. Date (La fecha): ● Let’s learn about the days of the week (los días de la semana) and the months of the year (los meses del año)! January February March April May enero febrero mayo juno marzo abril June July julio August September October November December agosto octobre septiembre novembre *the week starts on monday rather than sunday* Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado domingo *dd/mm/yyyy* 1. The basic format is [day of the week], el [day] de [month] de [year]. So then Sunday, September 7, 2014, would be domingo, el 7 de septiembre de 2014 in Spanish. Common Greetings(Los Saludos): ● 18 useful spanish greetings 1. Hola-hello 2. Buenos días- good morning 3. Buenas tardes- good afternoon 4. Buenas noches- good evening 5. ¿Cómo está usted? — How are you? (Formal) 6. ¿Cómo estás? — How are you? (Informal) 7. ¿Cómo están ustedes? — How are you all? (Plural and formal) 8. ¿Qué tal? — How’s it going? 2 diciembre 9. ¿Qué pasa? — What’s happening? / What’s up? 10. ¿Qué hubo? — What happened? 11. Bienvenidos — Welcome 12. Mi casa es su casa — My house is your house (formal) 13. ¿De dónde eres? — Where are you from? 14. ¿Cómo te llamas? — What’s your name? 15. ¿Aló? — Hello? (over the phone) 16. ¿Adónde vas? — Where are you going? 17. ¿Dónde estado? — Where have you been? 18. ¡Hace tiempo que no te veo! — It’s been a while since I’ve seen you! Time (La Hora): ● ¿Qué Hora Es? Let’s learn how to tell time in Spanish. ○ *It's ___ o'clock or It's (hour) (minute).* ■ This formula can also be used to say It's (# of minutes) until/'til (a certain hour): son/es + las/la + number from two to twelve + menos + number of minutes ● Example: 10:55 → Son las once menos cinco. ● One O'Clock-the only hour used with the third person singular form of ser ○ es + la + una (+ number of minutes) Ex. Es la una veinte (11:20) ○ es + la + una (+ y + number of minutes) Ex. Es la una y treinta y dos (11:32) ○ es + la + una (+ con + number of minutes) Ex. Es la una con cuarenta (11:40) ● From Two to Twelve: used with the third person plural form of ser. ○ son + las + number from two to twelve (+ number of minutes) Ex. Son las dos treinta. (2:30) ○ son + las + number from two to twelve (+ y + number of minutes) Ex. Son las seis y veinte (6:20) ○ son + las + number from two to twelve (+ con + number of minutes) Ex. Son las diez con diez (10:10) ● Media y Cuarto ○ To indicate that it's half past the hour in Spanish, use the phrase y media 3 ○ To indicate that it's a quarter past the hour, use the phrase y cuarto. ○ To indicate that it's a quarter 'til the hour, use the phrase menos cuarto ● Helpful expression: ○ De la manana: in the morning ○ De la tarde: in the afternoon ○ De la noche: in the evening or night Adjectives (adjetivos): ● alto tall ● sociable outgoing ● bajo short ● delgado thin ● simpático nice ● estricto strict ● amable kind ● perezoso lazy ● antipático mean ● trabajador hard working ● cómico funny ● tímido shy ● divertido fun ● serio serious ● aburrido boring ● sincero sincere ● atlético athletic ● honesto honest ● bonito pretty ● generoso generous ● feo ugly ● tacaño cheap or stingy ● guapo handsome ● artístico artistic ● atractivo attractive ● gordo fat ● curioso curious ● flaco skinny ● atrevido adventurous ● loco crazy ● distraído absent-minded ● raro strange ● ordenado organized ● cariñoso affectionate ● desordenado unorganized ● paciente patient ● inteligente intelligent ● impaciente impatient ● interesante interesting ● cortés polite ● popular popular ● grande big ● prudente cautious ● pequeño small 4 ● Adjective Rules: ○ Rule 1: In Spanish, the adjective comes after the noun. Ex. casa blanca chico corto ○ Rule 2: The ending of the adjective changes to match the gender of the noun. ■ Ex. tall girl = la chica alta tall boy = el chico alto ○ Rule 3: If the gender of the adjective is neutral, the adjective stays neutral, the article indicates the gender. ■ Ex. happy girl=la chica feliz happy boy=el chico feliz Subject Pronouns: ● The words “I” “you” “he” “she” “we” “you-all” and “they” are called subject pronouns. Spanish has corresponding subject pronouns. Yo - I Nosotros - we Tú - you (informal) Vosotros - you all Él - he Ellos - they (m/f) Ella - she Ellas - they (f) Usted - you (formal) Ustedes - they (formal) ● *Spanish has a formal and an informal form of the word “you.” “Usted” is more formal and is generally used to express respect. “Tú” is more familiar and is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.* ○ Speaking to your boss or teacher: usted ○ Speaking to your daughter or friend: tú ● This same distinction with regard to degree of formality occurs in the plural form as well. When referring to “you all,” there are two choices in Spanish: ○ Ustedes ■ You all (formal) ○ Vosotros ■ You all (familiar/informal) 5 ■ The vosotros form is used primarily in Spain. Direct Object and Indirect Object: “TO BE”: SER VS ESTAR SER ESTAR Date Position Occupation Location Characteristic Action Time Condition Origin Emotion Relation 6 Definite articles and Indefinite articles: (Los Artículos Definidos y Los Artículos Indefinidos) ● As mentioned above, you'll need a definite article to talk about a known item or place, and an indefinite article to talk about an item or place in a general way.* Definite Articles Indefinite Articles Masculine Feminine El La los las Masculine Feminine Un Una Unos unas Conjugations Ar-ending verbs Er-ending verbs Ir-ending verbs yo -o -o -o él/ella/ud. -a -e -e tú -as -es -es ellos -an -en -en 7 nosotros -amos -emos -imos Pluralization(Los Plurales): ● Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding “s” - El chico ---> los chicos - La palabra ---> las palabras - El problema ---> los problemas ● Nouns that end in a consonant add -es. - El país ---> los países - El profesor ---> los profesores ● Nouns that end in -z change the -z to -c, then add -es. - El lápiz ---> los lápices Possessive adjectives: ● Indicates who or what possesses or owns something, just like in English. ○ For example: This is MY brother. He is YOUR friend. ● Él es mi hermano Juan, y ellos son mis primos. (e is my brother Juan, and they are my cousins.) ● ¿Tu primo es ecuatoriano? ¿Y tus tíos también? (Is your cousin Ecuadorian? And your uncle and aunt are Ecuadorian, too?) 8 ● Su amiga es simpática (de él), pero sus primas no son simpáticas. (His friend is nice, but his cousins aren't nice.) Important Vocabulary ● ¿Qué tiempo hace? What is the weather? ● Fantástico Fantastic ● Hace calor It’s warm ● Hace frío It is cold ● Hace sol It is sunny ● Hace viento It is windy ● La lluvia The rain ● La nieve The snow ● El sol The sun ● El viento The wind ● Hace llueve It is raining ● Nieva It is snowing ● Está nublado It is cloudy ● La nube The cloud ● La clima The climate ● Está humedo It is humid ● Hay trueno There is thunder ● Hay relámpago There is lightning ● Nevar To snow ● Llover To rain ● Está nevando It's snowing ● la estación season ● el invierno winter ● el otoño autumn ● la primavera spring ● el verano summer ● Hace buen tiempo It's nice weather 9 ● Hace fresco It's cool ● Hace mal tiempo It's bad weather ● Lugares en la ciudad Places in the city ● El teatro Theater ● El cine Movie theater ● La obra de teatro Play / Show ● El Lago the lake ● El museo Museum ● El Monumento Monument ● El oceáno The ocean ● El estadio Stadium ● las montañas Mountains ● El Zoologico Zoo ● Los recuerdos Souvenirs ● La camara Camera ● Tomar el sol To tan ● Bucear To scuba dive ● Montar a caballo To ride a horse ● El avión Airplane ● El tren Train ● El autobús Bus ● Manejar / Conducir To drive ● Montar en bicicleta To ride a bike ● Viajar Travel ● Sacar fotos Take pictures ● Visitar Visit ● El carro / El coche Car ● La moto The motorcycle ● El camión The truck ● A pie on foot, walk ● El barco Boat 10 ● Nadar to swim ● Preferir To prefer ● Querer To want ● Poder To be able to ● Pensar To think ● Costar To cost ● Jugar To play ● El suéter Sweater ● La chaqueta Jacket ● El abrigo Coat ● El gorro Winter hat ● El sombrero Hat ● La gorra Ball cap ● Las botas Boots ● Los tacones Heel ● La blusa Blouse ● Los guantes Gloves ● La bufanda Scarf ● El anillo Ring ● La pulsera Bracelet ● El collar Necklace ● El reloj Watch ● Los aretes Earings ● Los accesorios Accessories ● aburrido boring ● alto tall, high ● antipatico nasty ● atletico athletic ● bajo short, low ● bonito beautiful ● bueno good 11 ● debíl weak ● delgado flaco ● desordenado disorganized ● difícil difficult ● divertido fun ● estudioso studious ● estupido stupid ● fácil easy ● feo ugly ● fuerte strong ● generoso generous ● gordo fat ● gracioso / comico funny ● grande big ● guapo good looking ● inteligente intelligent ● interesante interesting ● joven young ● malo bad ● moreno dark haired, dark skinned ● nuevo new ● ordenado well organized ● pelirrojo red haired ● pequeño small, little ● perezoso lazy ● pobre poor ● rico rich, delicious ● rubio blond ● serio serious ● simpático nice ● sociable sociable 12 ● tacano stingy ● tímido shy ● trabajador hard working ● viejo old ● carinoso caring ● mayor older ● menor younger ● amable kind ● artistico artistic ● atrevido bold, daring ● prudente cautious ● callado quiet ● impaciente impatient ● tener to have ● ir (yo) voy ● ser (yo) soy ● estar (yo) estoy ● ser to be ● muerto dead ● los dulces candy ● el cementerio cemetery ● la calavera skull ● la familia family ● los esqueletos skeletons ● el pan de muerto Day of the Dead bread ● la fecha date ● el copal incense ● la ofrenda the offering ● el altar the altar ● el chapulín grasshopper ● las velas candles 13 ● las flores flowers ● el cempasúchil marigold ● el mercado the market ● el papel picado cut out paper ● el mole spicy chocolate sauce ● caminar to walk ● entrar to enter ● escuchar listen to ● estudiar to study ● llegar to arrive ● necesitar to need ● tocar play (musical instrument); touch ● cocinar cook ● cantar to sing ● bailar to dance ● buscar to look for ● preparar prepare ● comprar to buy ● hablar speak ● llevar to wear; to carry ● mirar to look at; to watch ● pagar to pay for ● usar to use ● nadar to swim ● llorar to cry ● tratar de to try ● trabajar to work ● limpiar to clean ● llamar to call; name ● dibujar to draw ● montar to ride 14 ● terminar to end; finish ● saltar to jump ● amar to love ● lavar to wash ● ayudar to help ● regresar return ● viajar to travel ● sacar to take out (garbage); to get a good/bad grade ● cortar to cut ● esperar to hope; wait; wish ● pintar to paint ● practicar practice ● pasar to pass time; to pass by ● celebrar to celebrate ● tomar to take/drink ● creer to believe ● deber must/should ● correr to run ● comer to eat ● aprender to learn ● leer to read ● escribir to write ● ir to go ● ver to see ● vender to sell ● beber to drink ● discutir to discuss/argue ● abrir to open ● vivir to live ● responder to respond ● recibir to receive 15 ● asistir to attend ● hacer to do/make ● estar to be ● comprender to understand ● once 11 ● doce 12 ● trece 13 ● catorce 14 ● quince 15 ● dieciséis 16 ● veinte 20 ● veintiuno 21 ● vientiséis 26 ● treinta y tres 33 ● cuarenta 40 ● cuarenta y tres 43 ● cincuenta 50 ● cincuenta y nueve 59 ● sesenta 60 ● sesenta y siete 67 ● setenta 70 ● ochenta y seis 86 ● ochenta y siete 87 ● noventa y dos 92 ● cien 100 ● Miercoles Wednesday ● Jueves Thursday ● viernes Friday ● Sábado Saturday ● domingo Sunday ● enero January 16 ● febrero February ● marzo March ● abril April ● mayo May ● junio June ● julio July ● agosto August ● septiembre September ● octubre October ● noviembre November ● diciembre December ● Hoy es Today is ● Mañana es Tomorrow is ● Cuando es tu Cumpleaños When is your birthday ● Cuántos how many ● De donde eres Where are you from ● Yo soy de los estados unidos I am from the United States ● Cómo te llamas What is your name ● Me llamo My name is ● ¿Cómo estás? How are you ● Estoy muy bien I am very well ● Levantate, por favor Stand up please ● Sientate, por favor Sit down please ● Abran el libro en la página ● Cierren el libro Open your book to page number ..... Close the book ● Saquen el cuaderno/ un papel ● Silencio por favor Take out the notebook Please be quiet 17 ● Repitan por favor Can you please repeat that ● Date una vuelta Turn around ● presta atención Pay attention ● El estudiante The student ● El compañero The companion ● La pizarra chalk board ● El pupitre The desk ● El escritorio teacher desk ● La mesa Table ● El papel Paper ● El bolígrafo Pen ● El lápiz Pencil ● El libro The book ● El cuaderno Notebook ● La mochila The backpack ● El campo The field ● La playa The beach ● El centro comercial The mall ● El parque The park ● La piscina The swimming pool ● El gimnasio The gym ● El parque de diversiones The amusement park ● ir de vacaciones to go on vacation ● la ciudad city ● el lago lake ● el mar sea ● el museo museum ● el país country ● descansar relax/rest ● esquiar ski 18 ● sacar fotos take pictures ● subir to go up ● visitar to visit ● la cámara camera ● el océano el mar ● la moto motorcycle ● el autobús bus ● quién who ● cuándo when ● cómo how ● por qué why ● porque because ● pero but ● cada each ● todo all ● cuál which ● mucho a lot ● poco a little ● semana week ● mes month ● hay there is/there are ● fin de semana weekend ● ayer yesterday IMPORTANT VERBS: ● cantar to sing ● dibujar to draw ● escuchar to listen (to) ● montar to ride ● nadar to swim ● navegar to surf/to navigate 19 ● pasar to pass/spend ● pasear to walk/to take a walk ● patinar to skate ● bailar to dance ● descansar to rest ● estudiar to study ● hablar to talk/to speak ● practicar to practice ● tocar to play (an instrument)/to touch ● trabajar to work ● necesitar to need ● usar to use ● preparar to prepare ● desear to wish/to desire ● tomar to take in/to take ● cenar to eat dinner ● ayudar to help ● cortar to cut ● desayunar to eat/have breakfast ● gustar to be pleasing ● encantar to love/to be enchanted by ● lavar to wash ● sacar to take/to take out ● cocinar to cook ● limpiar to clean ● llegar to arrive ● comer to eat ● correr to run ● leer to read ● beber to drink ● aprender to learn 20 ● comprender to understand ● escribir to write ● vivir to live ● asistir to attend ● abrir to open ● describir to describe ● traer to bring ● tener to have ● venir to come ● hacer to do/to make ● poner to put/to set ● salir to leave/to go out ● querer to want/to love/to like ● empezar to start/to begin ● entender to understand ● Preferir to prefer ● nevar to snow ● probar to try/to taste ● almorzar to have/eat lunch ● dormir to sleep ● volver to return ● poder can/to be able to ● jugar to play a sport ● llover to rain ● pedir to ask for/to order ● servir to serve ● ir to go ● ser to be (permanent) ● ver to see ● estar to be (temporary) ● saber to know (facts/information) 21