Spanish 3 Study Guide

Spanish 3 Study Guide The Present Tense ● Present tense is used to express actions or situations that are going on at the present time, general truths, habitual actions, or actions that will take place soon. ● Present Tense Conjugations: -ar -er -ir yo -o -o -o tu -as -es -es él/ella/ usted -a -e -e Nosotros/as -amos -emos -imos Vosotros/as -áis -éis -ís Ellos/ellas/ustedes -an -en -en ● Stem-Changing Verbs: o Some verbs have stem changes in the present tense ▪ E🡪 ie (ex: tener🡪 ella tiene) ▪ O🡪 ue (ex: mostrar🡪 yo muestro) ▪ E🡪 I (ex: pedir🡪 yo pido) o The nosotros and vosotros forms never have stem changes ● Irregular Yo forms Ending in -go: Ending in -zco: o Caer (to fall) 🡪 caigo o Conducer (to drive) 🡪 conduzco o Distinguir (to distinguish) 🡪 distingo o Conocer (to meet; to know) 🡪 conozco o Hacer (to make) 🡪 hago o Crecer (to grow) 🡪 crezco o Poner (to put; to place) 🡪 pongo o Obedecer (to obey) 🡪obedezco o Salir (to leave; to go out) 🡪 salgo o Parecer (to seem) 🡪 parezco o Traer (to bring) 🡪 traigo o Producir (to produce) 🡪 produzco o Valer (to be worth) 🡪 valgo o Traducir (to translate) 🡪 traduzco Ending in -jo: More Irregulars: o Dirigir (to direct; to manage) 🡪 dirijo o Caber (to fit) 🡪 quepo o Escoger (to choose) 🡪 escojo o Saber (to know) 🡪 sé o Exigir (to demand) 🡪 exijo o Ver (to see; to watch) 🡪veo o Proteger (to protect) 🡪 protejo o Some verbs with irregular yo forms have stem changes as well o Verbs with prefixes follow the same spelling changes (ex: reconocer 🡪 yo reconozco) ● Irregular Verbs Decir Estar Oír Ser Tener Dar Venir (to say) (to be) (to (to be) (to have) (to (to come) hear) give) yo Digo Estoy Oigo Soy tengo Doy Vengo Dices Estás Oyes Eres Tienes Das Vienes Dice Está Oye Es Tiene Da Viene Decimos Estamos Oímos Somos Temenos damos Venemos Decís Estáis oís Sois Tenéis Dais venís dicen Están oyen son Tienen dan vienen tu él/ella/ usted Nosotros/as Vosotros/as Ellos/ellas/ ustedes o Construir, destruir, incluir, and influir have to add a “y” to their conjugations except for the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms. o Example: incluyo, incluyes, incluye, incluimos, incluís, incluyen Ser and Estar ● Uses of Ser (permanent): o Nationality and place of origin o Permanent characteristics of people, animals, and things o Generalizations o Possession o Material of composition o Time, date, or season o When or where an event takes place ● Uses of Estar (temporary): o Location or spatial relationship o Health o Physical states and conditions o Certain weather expressions o Ongoing actions (progressive tenses) o Results of actions (past participles) ● Ser and estar with adjectives: o Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities ▪ Example: Ese chico es listo. (That boy is smart.) o Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities, or a change in experience ▪ Example: Estoy listo para todo. (I am ready for everything.) ● Estar, not ser, is used with muerto/a Progressive Forms ● English equivalent to “-ing” (example: dancing) ● Progressive Form Conjugations: -ar 🡪 -ando -er🡪 -iendo -ir🡪 -iendo o Ex: bailar 🡪 bailando ● Only -ir verbs stem change but differently ○ O: UE: U (example: morir🡪muero🡪 estoy muriendo) ○ E: IE: I (example: sentir🡪 siente 🡪 está sintiendo) ○ E: I (example: pedir 🡪 estás pidiendo) ● Irregular Progressive Forms ○ Ir 🡪 yendo ○ Poder 🡪 pudiendo ○ reír🡪 riendo ○ sonreír 🡪 sonriendo ● Object Pronouns and Indirect Object Pronouns o You can attach them to the present progressive with an accent mark (example: hablándote) o If -er and -ir verb ends in a vowel, the -i- of the present participle changes to -y(example: construir 🡪 construyendo) ● You always need either estar or seguir, continuar, ir, venir, llevar, and andar before the present progressive verb o Seguir and continuar: “keep” o Ir- “more and more” o Venir and llevar- gradual action that accumulates over time o Andar- “always” or “going around” o Example: Mercedes continúa quejándose. (Mercedes keeps complaining.) Object Pronouns ● Indirect object pronouns: me, te, le, nos, os, le, les ● Direct object pronouns: me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las ● Can attach object pronouns to an infinitive construction with no accent mark needed o Example: voy a hacerlo ● Needs accent mark if attached to present progressive form o Example: catándome ● If multiple object pronouns are used then the order goes as: o Indirect object pronoun + direct object pronoun + conjugated verb o If both object pronouns start with “L”, change it to “se + L-“ o Example: Le los 🡪 se los (Yo se los lavé = I washed them for him) ● Prepositional Pronouns: Mí- me; myself Nosotros/as- us; ourselves Ti- you; yourself Vosotros/as- you; yourselves Usted- you; yourself Ustedes- you; yourselves Sí- yourself (formal) Sí- yourselves (formal) Él- him; it Ellos- them Ella- her; it Ellas- them Sí- himself; herself; itself Sí- themselves ● Use a + [prepositional pronoun] for emphasis or clarification ● Add mismo/a(s) to emphasize the relationship between each o Example: a él (to him) -🡪 sí mismo (to himself) ● Mí, ti, and sí when used with “con” = conmigo, contigo, and consigo Gustar and Similar Verbs ● Verbs like gustar are only conjugated in third person singular or plural form in any tense o The conjugated tense depends if the noun it follows is singular or plural ● If the noun it follows is infinitive, then use the singular third person conjugation for gustar and similar verbs (ex: me gusta bailar) ● Do not use yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ellos, ellas, and ustedes infront of verbs like gustar ● NEED to use me, te, le, nos, os, les infront of verbs like gustar ● For emphasis use: A mí me A ti te A [ ] le A nosotros/as nos A vosotros/os nos A [ ] les ● Verbs like gustar: aburrir, caer bien/ mal, disgustar, doler, encantar, faltar, fascinar, hacer falta, importar, interesar, molestar, preocupar, quedar, sorprender Reflexive Verbs ● Reflexive pronouns- me, te, se, nos, os, se- are used when the subject both performs and receives the actions (CAN BE USED WITH ANY TENSE) o Ex: Félix se divirtió en la fiesta. (Felix had fun at the party.) ● Reflexive verbs followed by prepositions: o Acercarse (a) o Atreverse (a) o Arrepentirse (de) o Darse cuenta (de) o Enterarse (de) o Morirse (de) o Olvidarse (de) o Quejarse (de) o Convertirse (en) o Fijarse (en) o Preocuparse (por) The Preterite ● Used to describe completed actions/ states ● Preterite Conjugations: -ar -er -ir Yo -é -í -í Tú -aste -iste -iste Él/ella/ usted -ó -ió -ió Nosotros/as -amos -emos -imos Vosotros/ as -asteis -isteis -isteis Ellos/ellas/ustede -aron -ieron -ieron s ● -ar and -er verbs do NOT have stem changes in the preterite ● Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have an ending change in the preterite o -car 🡪 -quo -gar 🡪 -gu- (ex: jugar 🡪 yo jugué) o -zar 🡪 -c● -ir verbs stem change with an additional rule o O: ue: u o E: ie: i o E: I ● Verbs with stems that end with a vowel have different preterite conjugations Form Conjugation Yo -í Tú -íste Él/ Ella/ Usted -yó Nosotros/as -ímos Vosotros/as -ísteis Ellos/ Ellas/ -yeron Ustedes o Example: Caer (the stem “ca-” ends with a vowel) 🡪 caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, caísteis, cayeron ● Verbs with -uir endings change their -i- to -y- in the third person forms of the preterite o Example: construir 🡪 construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construisteis, construyeron ● Preterite of Irregular Verbs o No accent marks are used. o Endings are only in -er and -ir form except for yo form and third person singular form. Yo tú Él/ella/ Nosotros/ Usted as Vosotros/as Ellos/ Ellas/ Ustedes Andar anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron Estar estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis Estuvieron Poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron Poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron Saber supe supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron Tener tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron Venir vine viniste vino vinimos visteis vinieron Querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron Conduci conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron Decir dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron Traer traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajisteis trajeron Ser/ Ir fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron Dar di diste dio dimos disteis dieron Ver vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron Hacer hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron r The Imperfect ● Used when the action was habitually done in the past or when it was occurring in the background. ● Expressions used with it are de niño/a, todos los días, mientras, & siempre ● No stem- changes ● Conjugations o -ar: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban o -er/-ir: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían ● Irregulars: o Ir- iba, ibas, iba, -íbamos, ibais, iban o Ser- era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran o Ver- veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían o Hay- habría The Preterite v/s Imperfect ● Preterite is used to: o Express actions or states viewed by the speaker has completed. o Express beginning or end of a past action. o Narrate a series of past actions. ● Imperfect is used to: o Describe an ongoing past action without reference to beginning or end. o Express habitual past actions. o Express mental, physical, and emotional states or conditions. o Tell time. The Subjunctive in Noun Clauses ● Subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses. ● Used with verbs of will and influence, emotion, and doubt and denial. ● Subjunctive is formed by using the yo form of the present indicative, take off the -o and using these endings: o -ar: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en o -er/-ir: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an o Example: jugar 🡪 juego 🡪 yo juege ● Verbs with irregular yo forms, keep that irregularity in the subjunctive. o Ex: Es importante que ella tenga….. ● Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar undergo spelling changes in the present subjunctive: sacar 🡪 saque, jugar 🡪 juegue, almorzar 🡪 almuerce ● -ar and -er stem-changes occur, but not in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as form. ● -ir stem-changes occur in all tenses; however an extra step occurs in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as form: e:ie: I, o:ue:u, e:i o Example: dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman ● Irregular Verbs (SIDES): o Ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean o Ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan o Dar: dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den o Estar: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén o Saber: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan ● Do not use subjunctive if certainty is addressed. ● If there is no “que” used to separate both clauses (because there is no change in subject) then use infinitive instead of conjugating the verb into the subjunctive tense. ● These verbs require subjunctive in subordinate clause: o Verbs of Will and Influence Aconsejar- to Exigir- to Rogar (o:ue)- to Preferir (e:ie)- to advise demand beg prefer Desear- to desire; Gustar- to like Mandar- to order Proponer- to to wish Es importante- it propose Hacer- to make is important Necesitar- to Querer- to want; to need wish Es necesario- it is Importar- to be Oponerse (a)- to Recomendar- to necessary important oppose recommend Es urgente- it is Insistir en- to urgent insist (on) Pedir (e:i)- to ask Sugerir (e: ie)- to suggest ▪ Ex: Se oponen a que salgas si estás enfermo. ▪ Quiero ir a Bogotá en junio. (no change of subject so we use infinitive) o Verbs of Emotion Alegrarse (de)- to Es mejor- it is be happy (about) better Es bueno- it is Es ridículo- it is good ridiculous Es extraño- it is Es terrible- it is Molestar- to Sorprender- to strange terrible annoy/ bother surprise Es malo- it is bad Es una pena- It is Sentir (e:ie)- to Ojalá (“que” is a shame be sorry; to regret optional) ▪ Ex: Es mejor que lo hagas ahora. ▪ Ex: No me gusta llegar tarde. Esperar- to hope Temer- to fear Gustar- to like Tener miedo (de)to take care of o Verbs of Doubt or Denial Es imposible- it is Dudar- to doubt Negar (e:ie)- to No es seguro- it is impossible deny not certain Es improbable- it is (no) es posible- it No creer- not to No es verdad/ unlikely believe cierto- it is not is (not) possible true Es poco seguro- it (no) es probable- it No es evidente- it No estar seguro is uncertain is (not) probable de- to not be sure is not evident of ▪ Ex: Es imposible viajar hoy. ▪ Ex: Es improbable que él viaje hoy. Commands ● Formal Usted/ Ustedes Commands: o For affirmative sentences use third person singular / plural in subjunctive. ▪ Basically conjugate the verb into the el/ella/ud form, but use the opposite ending. (caminar → camina → camina) o For negative sentences add “no” before the third person singular / plural in subjunctive. o Example: tomar 🡪 + tom/en, - no tome/en ● Formal Tú Commands: o Affirmative: use indicative third person singular ▪ Example: bailar 🡪 tú baila o Negative: use subjunctive tú form ▪ Example: bailar 🡪 tú no bailes o Irregular affirmative tú command forms (negative still follows the normal process though) ▪ decir 🡪 di ▪ hacer 🡪 haz ▪ ir 🡪 ve ▪ poner 🡪 pon ▪ salir 🡪 sal ▪ ser 🡪 sé ▪ tener 🡪 ten ▪ venir 🡪 ven o Their derivatives have the same thing (example: predecir 🡪 predi). ● Nosotros/as Commands: o For affirmative and negative sentences use nosotros subjunctive form ▪ Example: bailemos, no bailemos o Irregular Verb: ▪ Ir: vamos; vámonos/// no vayamos; no nos vayamos ● Vosotros/ as Commands: o Affirmative- replace the last “r” with “d” o Negative- no + [subjunctive vosotros] ▪ Example: bailar 🡪 bailar; no bailéis o Reflexive Words: ▪ Affirmative: replace last “r” with vosotros pronoun “os” ▪ Negative: no + os + [subjunctive vosotros] ▪ Example: levantaos, no os levantéis ● Using pronouns with commands: o Affirmative sentences: attach pronouns to the verb ▪ Add accent mark if the word is 3 syllables or more ▪ When nos or se are attached to nosotros or vosotros commands, you drop final “s” of command form ▪ Example: relájense; váyale; dime o Negative sentences: place pronouns between [no] and [verb] ▪ Example: no se relajen; no le vaya ● Indirect (Él/ ella/ ellos/as) commands: o que + [subjunctive] 🡪 “let someone do something” o pronouns are never attached to indirect commands ▪ ex: Que lo haga. (Let her do it.) Por and Para ● Not interchangeable! ● Uses of Para: o Destination (toward; in direction of) ▪ Ex: El cirujano sale de su casa para la clínica. o Deadline or a specific time in the future (by; for) ▪ Ex: Va a estar para mañana. o Goal [para + infinitive] 🡪 (in order to) ▪ Ex: Para ver o Purpose [para + noun] 🡪 (used for) ▪ Ex: Una cura para la enfermedad. o Recipient (for) ▪ Ex: Para ella o Comparison with others or opinion (for; considering) ▪ Ex: Para su edad, goza de muy buena salud. o Employment (for) ▪ Ex: Trabaja para una empresa. ● Expressions with Para: Para que- so that No estar para bromas- to be in no mood for jokes Para que sepas- just so you know No ser para tanto- to be not so important Para siempre- forever Para colmo- to top it all off ● Uses of Por: o Motion or general location (along; through; around; by) ▪ Ex: Corriendo por el parque. o Duration of an action (for; during; in) ▪ Ex: En cama por dos meses. o Reason or motive of an action (because of; an account of; on behalf of) ▪ Ex: She prayed for her sick child. o Object of a search (for; in search of) ▪ Ex: She went for a thermometer. o Means by which (by; by way of; by means of) ▪ Ex: Consulté con el doctor por el teléfono. o Exchange or substitution (for; in exchange for) ▪ Cambiamos ese tratamiento por uno nuevo. o Unit of measure (per; by) ▪ Tengo que tomar las pastillas cinco veces por día. o Agent (passive voice) (by) ▪ […] was announced by the press. ● Expressions with Por: Por ahora- for the Por ejemplo- for Por más/ mucho Por otro lado/ otra time being example que- no matter how parte- on the other much hand Por allí/ aquí- Por eso- therefore; Por lo visto- Por primera vez- around there/ here for that reason apparently for the first time Por casualidad- by Por fin- finally Por lo tanto- Por si acaso- just in chance/ accident therefore case Por cierto- of Por lo general- in Por lo menos- at Por supuesto- of course; by the way general least course of Comparatives and Superlatives ● Comparisons of Inequality: o Más/menos + [adjective/noun/adverb] + que o [verb] + más/menos que o Más/menos + [noun] + del/ de la que + [verb or clause] o Más/menos de [number] ● Comparisons of Equality: o Tan + [adjective/adverb] + como o Tanto/a(s) + [singular/plural noun] + como o [verb] + tanto como ● Superlatives o El/la/los/las + [noun] + más/menos + adjective + de + [noun] o El/la/los/las + [noun] + más/menos + adjective + que + [clause] ● Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives Adjective Comparative Superlative Bueno/a Mejor El/la mejor Malo/a Peor El/la peor Grande Mayor El/la mayor Pequeño/a Menor El/la menor Viejo/a Mayor El/la mayor Joven Menor El/la menor o Use the irregular comparative and superlative form of grande/pequeño when referring to age/quality. ▪ Ex: Ernesto es mayor que yo. o Use the regular comparative and superlative form of grande/pequeño when referring to size. ▪ Ex: Ese edificio es el más grande de todos. o Mayor and menor follow the noun they modify when referring to age. ▪ Ex: Maria es mi hermana menor. o Mayor and menor precede the noun they modify when referring to quantity. ▪ Ex: Hubo un menor número de turistas. ● Absolute Superlatives o The suffix -ísimo/a is added to adjectives and adverbs for the absolute superlative. ▪ This form is the English equivalent to very/extremely before an adjective or adverb ▪ Ex: malo 🡪 malísimo o Adjectives and adverbs with stem ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, or c in the absolute superlative. ▪ rico 🡪 riquísimo ▪ larga 🡪 larguísima ▪ feliz 🡪 felicísimo ● If adjectives ends in -n or -r use the suffix -císimo/a o Joven 🡪 jovencísimo Negative, Affirmative, and Indefinite Expressions Affirmative Expressions Negative Expressions Algo- something; anything Nada- nothing; not anything Alguien- someone; somebody; anyone Nadie- nobody; no one; not anyone Alguno/a(s); algún- some; any Ninguno/a(s); ningún- no none; not any o…o- either; or Ni….ni- neither; nor Siempre- always Nunca; jamás- never; not ever También- also; too Ni siquiera- not even Tampoco- nether; not either ● Indefinite expressionso cualquiera (anyone, any) used before plural nouns o cualquier is used if followed by a singular noun (regardless of gender) ● In Spanish, double negatives are acceptable. ● Most negative statements use the pattern no + [verb] + [negative verb]. When the negative word precedes the verb, no is omitted. ● Once a negative word is used, all other elements must be expressed in the negative if possible. o Ex: No le digas nada a nadie. ● The personal a is used before negative and indefinite words that refer to people when they are the direct object of the verb. o Ex: Porque tú no comprendes a nadie. ● Before a masculine, singular noun, alguno and ninguno are shortened to algún and ningún. ● The conjunction “o…o” is used when there is a choice to be made between two options. Ni…ni is used to negate both options. o Ex: Debo hablar con el gerente o con la dueña. o Ex: No me gustan frutas ni verduras. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses ● If the antecedent is certain, use indicative in the adjective clause. o Ex: Necesito el libro que tiene información sobre perros. ● If the antecedent is uncertain, or uses a nadie and a ninguno/a, use the subjunctive in adjective clauses. o Ex: Necesito un libro que tenga información sobre las ruinas de mayans. The Future Tense ● Conjugation: Infinitive + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án o Ex: bailar 🡪 bailaré, bailarás, bailará, bailaremos, bailaréis, bailarán ● Irregular stems (endings stay the same): Take the -e out from -er: Replace -e with -d- from - Irregulars of Irregulars: er: caber 🡪 cabrponer 🡪 pondr- decir 🡪 dir- salir 🡪 saldr- hacer 🡪 har- tener 🡪 tendr- satisfacer 🡪satisfar- saber 🡪 sabrpoder 🡪 podrquerer 🡪 querrvalir 🡪 valdrhaber 🡪 habrvenir 🡪 vendro Ex: caber 🡪 cabré, cabrás, cabrá, cabremos, cabréis, cabrán o Irregular verbs that have prefixes carry that irregularity in future tense. ▪ Ex: proponer 🡪 propondré, propondrás, propondrá, propondremos, propondréis, propondrán ● To show willingness is “querer + [infinitive]” o Ex: Quiero ayudar, pero no sé por dónde empezar. The Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses ● Conjunctions that Require Subjunctive a menos que – unless en caso de que- in case antes (de) que - before para que – so that con tal (de) que – provided that sin que – without; unless o Ex: No iré a la fiesta a menos que me inviten. o Antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, and sin (not “a menos que”) are followed by an infinitive if there is no change in subject. ● These following conjunctions are followed by either the subjunctive or indicative: o Subjunctive is used if the action in the main clause has not yet occurred or is a command. ▪ Main clause- future tense/command; subordinate clause- subjunctive tense o The present tense is used if the action in the main clause habitually occurs. ▪ Main clause- present tense; subordinate clause- present tense o The preterite is used if the action in the main clause already occurred. ▪ Main clause- past tense; subordinate clause- preterite a pesar de que- despite hasta que- until aunque- although; even luego que- as soon as cuando- when mientras que- while después (de) que- after siempre que- as long as en cuanto- as soon as tan pronto como- as soon as o A pesar de, después, and hasta can be followed by an infinitive when there is no change in subject instead of que + [subjunctive]. Prepositions (a, hacia, con) ● A o The preposition a can mean to, at, for, upon, within, of, from, or by, depending on the context. o Introduces indirect objects. ▪ Ex: Le compré un pájaro exótico a Juan. o Gives commands/ suggestions. ▪ Ex: A dormir. o Personal a used with alguien, nadie, ninguno, alguno, nadie ▪ Ex: No, no he visto a nadie. o Used after some verbs. ▪ Ayudar a , ir a, comenzar a, volver a, enseñar a, aprender a ● Hacia o With movement, either literal or figurative, hacia means toward or to. ▪ Ex: La actitud de Manuela hacia mí fue negativa. o With time, hacia means approximately, around about, or toward. ▪ Ex: El programa que queremos ver empieza hacia las 8. ● Con o The preposition con means with. ▪ Ex: Me gustaría hablar con el director. o Many English adverbs can be expressed in Spanish with con + [noun]. ▪ Ex: Hablaba con cariño. o Con + mí 🡪 conmigo (with me) o Con + ti 🡪 contigo (with you) o Con + usted/ ustedes or con + él/ella/ellos/ellas 🡪 consigo (himself/herself/yourself/themselves/yourselves) o Consigo mismo is only used when the subject of the sentence is the same person referred to after con. ▪ Ex: Están satisfechos consigo mismos. The Present Perfect ● Formed by: [present tense of haber] + [past participle] o [he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han] + [-ado/-ido/-ído] ● Expresses what has happened. Refers to recently completed actions or to a past that still bears a relevance in the present. o Ex: ha decido (has decided) ● Hace + [period of time] + que + [present tense] is used to express actions that continue in the present time. o Ex: Hace dos años que estudió español. ● The present perfect is formed with the present tense of the verb haber and past participle. Regular past participles are formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs. haber -ar -er -ir he comprado bebido recibido has comprado bebido recibido ha comprado bebido recibido hemos comprado bebido recibido habéis comprado bebido recibido comprado bebido Yo Tú Él/ella/usted Nosotros/as Vosotros/as Ellos/ellas/ustedes han recibido ● Acabar de + [infinitive] refers to something that just happened. o Ex Acabamos de ver un ovni. (We just saw a UFO: .) ● When the stem of an -er and -ir verb ends in a, e, or o the past participle requires a written accent (-ído). o Accent marks are not needed as the stem ends in u! o Ex: caer 🡪 caído; oír 🡪 oído ● Irregular Past Participles abrir 🡪 abierto morir 🡪 muerto cubrir 🡪 cubierto poner 🡪 puesto decir 🡪 dicho resolver 🡪resuelto descubrir 🡪 descubierto romper 🡪 roto escribir 🡪 escrito ver 🡪 visto hacer 🡪 hecho volver 🡪 vuelto ● Haber always must precede the past participle. “No” or any pronoun must precede haber. o Ex: No lo ha hecho. ● Past participles can be used as an adjective, though it must agree in the number and gender of the noun it modifies. Often used with estar/other verbs. o Ex: Los laboratorios están cerrados hasta el lunes. The Past Perfect ● Refers to an event that occurred before another past event. o Ex: Decidí comprar una cámara digital nueva porque la vieja se me había roto varias veces. ● Formed by: [imperfect form of haber] + [past participle] o [había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían] + [-ado, -ido, -ído] o Ex: Yo había escrito. ● Irregular past participles share the same irregularity in the past perfect. ● Antes (before), aún ( yet), nunca (never), todavía (yet) and ya (already) are often used to indicate that one action occurred before another. o Ex: Cuando se fue la luz, aún no había guardado el documento. Diminutives and Augmentatives ● Diminutives are words that have been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning. ● Augmentatives are words that have been modified to convey a greater degree of its root meaning. ● Diminutives and augmentatives are formed by adding a suffix to the root of nouns, adjectives (which agree in gender and number), and occasionally adverbs. ● Diminutives: o Common Endings: -ito/a -cito/a -ecito/a -illo/a -cillo/a -ecillo/a ▪ Ex: Ahorita, abuelita se los preparo rapidito. (Right away Granny, I will have them ready in a jiffy.) o -ito/a and -illo/a are commonly used to form diminutives o For words ending in vowels (except -e), the last vowel is dropped before the suffix. bajo 🡪 bajito (very short; softly) libro 🡪 librillo (booklet) ahora 🡪 ahorito (right now; very soon) ventana 🡪 ventanilla (plane/car/bus window) Miguel 🡪 Miguelito (Mikey) campana 🡪 campanilla (hand bell) o Most words that end in -e, -n, or -r use the forms -cito/a or -cillo/a. However, one syllable words use -ecito/a or -ecillo/a. hombre 🡪hombrecillo (funny little man) Carmen 🡪 Carmencita (little carmen) pan 🡪 pancillo (roll) flor 🡪 florecita (little flower) amor 🡪 amorcito (sweetheart) pez 🡪 pececito (little fish) o Spelling changes for both diminutives and augmentatives: ▪ c 🡪qu = chico 🡪 chiquillo (little boy; very small) ▪ gu 🡪 gü = agua 🡪 agüita (little bit of water) ▪ g 🡪 gu = amigo 🡪 amiguito (little friend) ▪ z 🡪 c = luz 🡪 lucecita (little light) o Some words take on a new meaning when diminutive suffixes are added. ▪ Ex: manzana (apple) 🡪 manzanilla (chamomile) ▪ Ex: bomba (bomb) 🡪 bombilla (lightbulb) o For words ending in -s (singular or plural), diminutive and augmentative endings precede the final -s. ▪ Ex: Carlos 🡪 Carlitos ▪ Ex: besos 🡪 besitos ● Augmentatives: o Common endings -ón -ote -azo -ota -aza -ona o Most words form the augmentative by simply adding the suffix to the word. For words ending in vowels the final vowel is dropped. soltero 🡪 solterón (confirmed casa 🡪 casona (mansion) bachelor) grande🡪 grandote/a (really big) palabra 🡪 palabrota (swear words) perro🡪 perrazo (big, scary dog) manos 🡪 manazas (big hands) o You can change a feminine word to masculine by using the suffix -ón, unless the word specifically refers one’s gender ▪ Ex: la silla 🡪 el sillón (armchair) ▪ Ex: la mujer 🡪 la mujerona (big woman) o The letters t or et are occasionally added to the beginning of augmentative endings. ▪ Ex: guapa 🡪 guapetona ▪ Ex: golpe 🡪 golpetazo o The masculine suffix -azo can also mean blow or shot. ▪ Ex: flecha (arrow) 🡪 flechazo (arrow wound; love at first sight) ▪ Ex: rodilla (knee) 🡪 rodillazo (a blow with the knee) o Some words take on a new meaning when augmentative suffixes are added: cabeza (head) 🡪 cabezón (stubborn) tela (fabric) 🡪 telón (theater curtain) caja (box) 🡪 cajón (drawer) bala (bullet) 🡪balón (ball) o Sometimes double endings are used for emphasis for both diminutives and augmentatives. ▪ Ex: chico/a 🡪 chiquito/a 🡪 chiquitito/a ▪ Ex: grande 🡪 grandote/a 🡪 grandotote/a The Conditional ● What would happen or what would occur. ● All endings are added to the infinitive: o -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían ▪ Ex: estar: estaría, estarías, estaría, estaríamos, estaríais, estarían ● Verbs with irregular future stems have the same irregularities in conditional tense. caber 🡪 cabrsaber 🡪 sabr- poner 🡪 pondr- decir 🡪 dir- salir 🡪 saldr- hacer 🡪 har- tener 🡪 tendr- satisfacer 🡪satisfar- poder 🡪 podrquerer 🡪 querrvalir 🡪 valdrhaber 🡪 habrvenir 🡪 vendro caber 🡪 cabría, cabrías, cabría, cabríamos, cabríais, cabrían ● Use conditional tense to express what would happen after another action took place. o Ex: Creía que hoy haría mucho viento. (I thought it would be very windy today.) ● Use future tense to express what will happen after another action took place. o Ex: Creo que mañana hará mucho viento. (I think it will be very windy tomorrow.) The Past Subjunctive ● The past subjunctive is required in the same situations as the present subjunctive, except that the point of reference is always in the past. When the verb in the main clause is in the past, the verb in the subordinate clause is in the past subjunctive. o Ex: Estela dudaba que su madre la ayudará a financiar un carro nuevo. (Estela doubted that her mother would help her finance a new car.) o Ex: A los dueños les sorprendió que vendieran más en enero que en diciembre. (The owners were surprised that they sold more in January than in December.) ● Formed by: o [third person plural preterite] – [-ron] + [-ra, -ras, -ra, -ramos, -rais, -ran] o The nosotros/as form of the past subjunctive always has a written accent mark on the vowel before the past subjunctive endings. (áramos; iéramos) ▪ Ex: caminar 🡪 caminaron 🡪 camina 🡪 caminara, caminaras, caminara, camináramos, caminarais, caminaran ● Verbs that have the stem changes/ irregularities in the preterite, also have the same irregularities in the past subjunctive. o Ex: pedir 🡪 pidiera, pidieras, pidiera, pidiéramos, pidierais, pidieran o Ex: dormir 🡪 durmiera, durmieras, durmiera, durmiéramos, durmierais, durmieran o Ex: influir 🡪 influyera, influyeras, influyera, influyéramos, influyerais, influyeran o Ex: saber 🡪 supiera, supieras, supiera, supiéramos, supierais, supieran o Ex: ser/ ir 🡪 fuera, fueras, fuera, fuéramos, fuerais, fueran ● Past subjunctive is required in the same situations as present. It is used with verbs of emotions, doubt and denial, will and influence, and conjunctions. ● The past subjunctive is used after “como si.” (as if) ● Use quisie- to make polite requests. (would [subject] like to…) Si Clauses (If Clauses) with Simple Tenses ● main clause (result clause) + subordinate clause (si clause) ● Si clause expresses a condition or event which another condition or event depends on. ● Comma is used only if the si clause is in the beginning of the sentence. ● If the main clause is in the present tense, future tense, ir a +[infinitive], or a command, then the si clause is in the present indicative. o Ex: Si salgo temprano del trabajo, voy al cine con Andrés. o Ex: Nunca conseguirá empleo si usted no mejora su currículum. o Ex: Si la jefe me pregunta, no le voy a mentir. o Ex: Llámenos de inmediato si hay algún problema. ● If the main clause is in conditional tense, then the si clause is conjugated in the past subjunctive. o Ex: Si sacaras un préstamo a largo plazo, pagarías menos al mes. ● If the main clause is in the imperfect tense, then the si clause is in the imperfect tense. o Ex: Si Milena tenía tiempo libre, siempre iba a la playa. The Present Perfect Subjunctive ● Formed by: [present subjunctive of haber] + [past participle] o [haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan] + [-ado/-ído/ido] ▪ Ex: haya asistido ● Present perfect subjunctive is used to refer to recently completed actions or past actions that still bear relevance in the present. It is used mainly in the subordinate clause of a sentence whose main clause expresses will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty. o Ex: Me alegro de que Luis haya dejado de ver ese programa. (I am glad that Luis has stopped watching that show.) ● Present Perfect Indicative: o Ex: Luis me dijo que ha dejado de ver ese programa. (Luis told me that he has stopped watching that show.) Relative Pronouns ● Relative pronouns are used to connect short sentences or clauses in order to create longer, smoother sentences. Unlike the interrogative words qué, quién(es), and cuál(es), relative pronouns never carry accent marks. ● Que: o Que: That, which can refer to people or things, subjects or objects, and can be used in restrictive clauses (no commas) or nonrestrictive clauses (with commas). ▪ Ex: El reportaje que vi ayer me hizo cambiar de opinión. (The report [that] I saw last night made me change my opinion.) ● El/La Que: o After prepositions, que follows the definite article: el que, la que, los que, or las que. The article must agree in gender and number with the antecedent (the noun or pronoun it refers to). When referring to things (but not people), the article may be omitted after short prepositions, such as en, de, and con. ▪ Ex: Los periódicos para los que escribo son independientes. (The newspaper for which I write for are independent.) o El que, los que, and las que are used for clarification in nonrestrictive clauses (with commas) when it might be unclear to what or whom the clauses refer to. ▪ Ex: Hablé con los empleados de la compañía, los que están contaminado el río. or […] , la que está contaminado el río. ● El/La Cual: o El cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales are generally interchangeable with el/lo/las/los que after prepositions. (often used in informal speech) ● Quien/ Quienes: o Only refers to people. o Can be replaced by forms of el cual and lo que. ▪ Ex: El investigador de quien (del que/del cual) hablaron era mi profesor. (The researchers about whom they spoke about were my professor.) o In restrictive clauses (no commas) that refer to people, que is used if no preposition or a personal a is present. ▪ Ex: Esperamos que la respuesta de los políticos a quienes (a los cuales/ a los que) queremos entrevistar. o In nonrestrictive clauses (with commas) that refer to people, quien (or el que/ el cual) is used. ▪ Ex: Juan y María, quienes trabajan conmigo, escriben la sección deportista. ● The Relative Adjective Cuyo: o The relative adjective cuyo/a/as/os means whose and agrees in numbers and gender with the noun it precedes. ▪ Ex: El equipo periodístico, cuyo proyecto aprobaron, viajará en febrero. (The team of reporters, whose project they approved, will travel in February.) o De quién(es), not cuyo, is used in question to express whose. The Neuter Lo ● The neuter article lo is used to refer to concepts that have no gender. ● lo + [masculine singular adjective] o Used to express general characteristics and abstract ideas. o English equivalent to the + [adjective] + thing. ▪ Ex: Lo bueno de ser famosa es que me da la oportunidad de cambiar el mundo. (The good thing about being famous is that it gives the opportunity to change the world.) ● Lo mejor/peor o Used to express the most or the least. o English equivalent to the best/worst thing. ▪ Ex: Para ser un buen reportero, lo más importante es ser imparcial. (To be a good reporter, the most important thing is to be unbiased.) ● Lo + [adjective or adverb] + que o English equivalent to how + [adjective] o The adjective agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies (may be replaced with qué + [adjective/ adverb]. ▪ Ex: Recuerda lo bien que te fue el año pasado en su clase. (Remember how well you did last year in his class.) ▪ Ex: ¿No te das cuentas de lo bella que eres, Maria? (Maria, don’t you realize how beautiful you are?) ● Lo que o English equivalent to what, that, or which. o Used to refer to an idea or to a previously mentioned situation or concept. ▪ Ex: Lo que más me gustó fue el Carnaval de Montevideo. (The thing I liked the best was the Carnival of Montevideo.) The Future Perfect ● Formed by: [future form of haber] + [past participle] o [habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán] + [-ado/-ido/ído] ▪ Ex: habré pintado (I will have painted.) o Used to express what will have happened at a certain point. o Para + [time expression] is often used with the future perfect. ▪ Ex: Ya habré leído la novela para el lunes. (I will already have read the novel by Monday.) o Antes de (que), (para) cuando, dentro de, and hasta (que) are used with time expressions or other verb forms to express when the action in the future will have happened. ▪ Ex: Cuando lleguemos al teatro, ya habrá empezado la obra. (When we get to the theater, the play will have already started.) ▪ Ex: Lo habré terminando dentro de dos horas. (I will have finished it within 2 hours.) o The future perfect may also express speculation regarding a past action. ▪ Ex: ¿Habrá tenido éxito la exposición de este fin de semana? (I wonder if this weekend’s exhibition was a success.) The Conditional Perfect ● Formed by: [conditional form of haber] + [past participle] o [habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían] + [-ado/-ido/-ído] ▪ Ex: habría pensado ● Used to express what might have occurred but did not. o Ex: Habría ido al museo, pero mi amigo tenía otros planes. (I would have gone to the museum, but my friend had other plans.) ● The conditional perfect may be used to express probability or conjecture about the past; “might have” or “would have.” o Ex: Los habría sorprendido con su talento. (She might have surprised them with her talent.) The Past Perfect Subjunctive ● Formed by: [past perfect of haber] + [past participle] o [hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubiéramos, hubierais, hubieran] + [-ado/-ido/-ído] ▪ Ex: hubiera cambiado ● Used in subordinate clauses, with subjunctive beginnings (doubt, disbelief, emotions, verbs or will and influence). It refers to actions or conditions that had taken place before another past occurrence. o Ex: Le molestó que los escritores no hubieran asistido a su conferencia. (It annoyed her that the writers had not attended her lecture.) ● When the action in the main clause is in the past, both the past subjunctive and the past perfect subjunctive can be used in the subordinate clause. The meaning is different though: Past Subjunctive Past Perfect Subjunctive Deseaba que me ayudaras. Deseaba que me hubieras ayudado. (I wished that you would help me.) (I wished that you would have helped me.) Differences Amongst the 4 Subjunctive Tenses ● Present Subjunctive: o Las cadenas nacionales buscan corresponsales que hablen varios idiomas. ▪ (The national networks look for correspondents that can speak several languages.) ● Present Perfect Subjunctive: o Prefieren contratar a los que hayan trabajado en el extranjero. ▪ (They prefer to hire those who have worked abroad.) ● Past Subjunctive: o Antes, insistían en que los solicitantes tuvieran cinco años de experiencia. ▪ (In the past they have insisted that applications have 5 years of experience.) ● Past Perfect Subjunctive: o Deseaba que me hubieras ayudado. ▪ (I wished that you would have helped me.)