AP Spanish Language Grammar Review

Grammar Review Verb Tenses Present Tense -AR verb endings - o as a - amos áis an -ER / -IR verb endings - o es e - emos éis en Using the table above, let’s conjugate the verb hablar: yo hablo nosotros hablamos tú hablas vosotros habláis él/ella/Ud. habla ellos/ellas/Uds. hablan Stem Changes & Irregulars e → ie (querer → yo quiero) o → ue (dormir → él duerme) e → i (servir → tú sirves) i → ie (adquirir → ellos adquieren) u → ue (jugar → ella juega) Verbs with Irregular ‘yo’ Form: 1. Dar 2. Traer 3. Ver 4. Decir *note accent changes in vosotros form Present Participle 2 Completely Irregular Verbs 1. Ir 2. Ser 3. Estar 4. Tener 5. Haber This is like adding -ING on a verb. To do this in Spanish, simply add -ando (-AR verbs) and iendo (-ER/IR verbs) to the stem. ex. hablando (hablar), trayendo (traer), creyendo (creer), oyendo (oír) Preterite Tense You use preterite tense when one action interrupts another action, an action is done during a specific time period (definite beginning and end), an action that is completed or that happened once, a sudden mood change, an action that was repeated a specific number of times. -AR verb endings - é aste ó - amos asteis aron -ER / -IR verb endings - í iste ió - imos isteis ieron Changes: when you have a verb that ends with -car, -gar, or -zar, the endings change in the ‘yo’ form in the preterite ● car → qué ● gar → gué ● zar → cé Irregulars - Tener → Tuv- (ex. tuve) 3 - Estar → Estuv- (ex. estuve) - Poder → Pud- (ex. pude) - Poner → Pus- (ex. puse) - Venir → Vin- (ex. vine) - Ver → Vi- (ex. vi) - Hacer → Hic- (ex. hice) - Dar → Di- (ex. di) - *Ir/Ser → Fui… - Decir → Dij- (ex. dije) - Traer → Traj- (ex. traje) - Producir → Produj- (ex. produje) - Querer → Quis- (ex. quise) - Saber → Sup- (ex. supe) Imperfect Tense You use imperfect tense when there is a habitual action, an action in progress, an ongoing action that is then interrupted, simultaneous actions, descriptions, to express the future in the past, and description of scene (time, date, place, and weather). -AR verb endings - aba abas aba - -ER / -IR verb endings ábamos abáis aban - ía ías ía - íamos íais ía Irregulars ir - iba ibas iba íbamos íbais iban ser - era eras era éramos erais eran ver - veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían Future Tense To express the future in Spanish, there are two different ways 1. informal: ir + a + infinitive 2. simple future: add following ending to the infinitive: é, ás, á, emos, éis, án Irregulars - tener → tendr- 4 - poner → pondr- - valer → valdr- - salir → saldr- - venir → vendr- - poder → podr- - querer → querr- - saber → sabr- - haber → habr- - decir → dir- - hacer → har- Object Pronouns This is a pronoun used to indicate who and what receives an action. There are direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns. - Direct Object Pronoun: indicate what receives the action of the verb (lo, la, los, las) - ex. Ella bought a book (direct object is the book) turns into “Ella compró el libro” 1. DOP is before the conjugated verb 2. when conjugated verb is followed by an infinitive or the present participle, place DOP before verb or attach it to the end of the participle - Indirect Object Pronoun: indicate the indirect recipient of an action - me - te - le - nos - os - les DOPs and IOPs Rules 1. IOP always come before direct object pronouns 2. Third Person: IOP is replaced by “se” Ser vs Estar Both, ser and estar, mean “to be.” The main difference is that ser is permanent and estar is temporary. - SER: establishes permanent identity/characteristics , origins, setting (time, day, date, location) - norm with adjectives, objective reality, inherent characteristics - ESTAR: location, progressive tense, description, death - change, subjective opinion, condition or state that can change Por vs Para - POR: exchange, the way an action is carried out, instead of, behalf of, in search of - PARA: comparison, opinion, to arrive at the point of an action, who you work for 5 Theme 6 Major Contexts Families and Communities - customs and values education communities family structure global citizenship human geography social networking Personal and Public Identities - alienation and assimilation heroes and historical figures national and ethnic identities personal beliefs personal images self-image Beauty and Aesthetic - architecture defining beauty defining creativity fashion and design language and literature visual and performing arts Science and Technology - access to technology effects of technology on self and society health care and medicine innovations natural phenomena science and ethics Contemporary Life - education and career entertainment travel and leisure lifestyle and relationships social customs and values Global Challenges - economic issues environmental issues philosophical thought and religion social welfare social conscience