SOLUTIONS USED IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICUM When conducting experiments or research on plant physiology, solutions are almost always used. In connection with this, there are various terms or ways to determine or express the concentration of the solution as follows: molar solution (M), molal solution (m), normal solution (N), percent solution (%) and parts per million solution (ppm ). Molar Solution (M) A solution is declared 1 Molar (M) if 1 gram of the dissolved substance is dissolved in water until the volume becomes 1 liter at a temperature of 20oC. A smaller molarity can be formed by using a smaller number of molars or by diluting a solution with a greater molarity. Example : 0.5 M solution: 0.5 gr of substance + water - 1 L of solution Molal Solution (m) A solution is expressed as 1 molal (m), if 1 gram of the substance dissolved in it is dissolved 1000 grams of water at a temperature of 20oC. For example, 1 gram of sucrose + 1000 grams of water - 1204 CC solution. Smaller molalities can be created by shrinking the grate. Example : 0.1 m solution: 0.1 grol of substance + water (1000 grams) - ......CC solution Normal Solution (N) The term normal solution indicates a different concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. A solution is declared 1 normal (N) if 1 grek (equivalent gram) of an electrolyte is dissolved in water until the volume becomes 1 liter at a temperature of 20oC. A normality smaller than 1N can be created by using a smaller amount of liquid or by diluting a larger normal solution. The gram equivalent of the substance depends very much on the hydrogen equivalent of the substance. Example : 1 grek HCl = 1 grol HCl / 1 1 grek H 2 SO 4 = 1 grol H 2 SO 4 / 2 1 g of NaOH = 1 grol NaOH / 1 Percent Solution (%) What is meant by percent solution is the weight percentage, meaning the ratio between weight and weight. For example, a 20% solution means: 20 grams of substance + 80 grams of water (solvent) - 100 grams of solution, or 200 grams of substance + 800 grams of water (solvent) - 1000 grams of solution, or 10 grams of substance + 10 grams of water (solvent) - 50 grams of solution Exceptions to the above provisions are usually stated behind the percent sign (%) for example: 20% (v/ v) = 20 parts substance (volume) + 80 parts water (volume) 20% (w/ v) = 20 parts substance (weight) + 80 parts water (volume) 20% (v/ w) = 20 parts substance (volume) + 80 parts water (weight ) Parts per million (ppm) solution PPM solutions are usually used to make solutions of substances whose use is very small in milligrams per liter (mg/L). For example, for making growth regulator solutions. Example: 1 ppm: 1 milligram of substance + water - 1 liter of solution Smaller parts per million (ppm) can be made from a larger ppm solution by dilution or by using a smaller weight of material. LIST OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICUM OBJECTS Water as a plant component a) Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in epidermal tissue b) Determination of the osmotic pressure of cell fluids c) Measuring tissue water potential using the Chardakov method Chemical Composition of Cell Membranes and Factors Affecting Permeability a) The effect of temperature and chemical compounds on cell membrane permeability b) Permeability of living tissue in acid and base solutions The Relationship between Plants and Water a) Measurement of plant tissue water content b) Measurement of the relative turgidity of plant tissue Transpiration and Evaporation a) Calculation of leaf surface area, estimation of the rate of evaporation and transpiration of the dorsiventral surface of the leaf. b) Structure and activity of opening and closing stomata Essential Nutrients in Plant Growth and Development a) The effect of essential nutrients on plant growth b) Effect of salt concentration on plant growth Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Pigments a) Effect of wavelength on photosynthetic effectivenessHydrilla verticilata b) Determination of chlorophyll levels by spectrophotometric method c) Separation of photosynthetic pigments using Paper Chromatography method Respiration in Plants a) Effect of temperature on the rate of aerobic respiration b) Determination of the respiration rate of germinating seeds Plant Growth a) Sigmoid curve of leaf growth b) The area where roots and stems grow Seed Physiology a) Breaking seed dormancy b) Effect of inhibitors on seed germination Hormones and Plant Growth Regulators a) Biological test of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on root growth b) Cytokinins and senescence in plant leaves c) The role of gibberellins (GA3) in plant seed germination Apical Dominance and Abscission of Plant Tissue a) The relationship of auxin with the apical is dominant b) Auxin and abscission of plant tissue or organs Tropism and Movement in Plants a) Tropism as a response to stimuli from the environment b) Nasti is a responsive movement to external stimulants