Respiratory system The respiratory system plays an important role in the gas exchange process for human survival. The buildup of dangerous chemicals is caused by disruption of the function of the respiratory organs. In addition, to survive, humans need oxygen from their environment. Without a respiratory system, there would be no way to obtain necessary elements and dispose of unwanted ones as metabolic products (respiratory system). Some of the basic structures of the respiratory system are the sinuses, nose, mouth, throat and windpipe. Also includes bronchial tubes, lobes, pleura, cilia, and mucus. Apart from that, the lungs, pulmonary vessels, diaphragm, ribs and alveoli are part of the structure of the respiratory system that should not be ruled out. Nose Structure: - Consists of two nostrils separated by a septum, consisting of cartilage (external). Both nostrils open into the nasal (internal) chamber; -There are hairs (cilia) at the bottom of the smell fibers; - Equipped with a mucous membrane in the form of fluid and olfactory fibers as well as nerve fibers to the brain. Function : - Air passes through the nostrils and then into the nasal chamber; - The hair on the inner walls of the nostrils functions to prevent dust particles and other particles from entering the nasal cavity. - The nasal chambers are filled with blood vessels, thus warming the air that goes to the respiratory system organs. - The mucus layer prevents bacteria and other microorganisms from going further into the human body. - The olfactory nerve in the nose functions to receive air stimulation from outside and then send impulses to the brain. - The olfactory nerve also functions to receive the aroma produced by food or drink, and helps us taste food. Pharynx Structure: - Nasopharynxis the entry point for nutrients located betweenhyoidand soft palate; - Anterior walloropharynxmade by the base of the tongue. Palatine tonsils are located along the posterior lateral wall while lingual tonsils are located along the base of the tongue. - The lowest pharyngeal region is found on the bonehyoidinto the esophagus and larynx, the so-calledlaryngopharynx. laryngopharynx. F unction : The digestive and respiratory systems become two separate systems in the lower region - Becomes a pathway for air from the nose through the larynx and trachea to reach the lungs; - Prevent solid and liquid objects from entering the respiratory system and vice versa so that air does not enter the digestive system; - Helps maintain air pressure balance on the eardrum. Larynx The larynx contains the vocal cords, which create sound and are often called vocal cords. The larynx consists of nine cartilages, namely unpaired cartilage and paired cartilage. Structure: - Thyroidwhich forms the larynx which has a prominent shape, especially in males; - Cricoidwhich is ring-shaped and surrounds the trachea; - Epiglottiselastic leaf-shaped; - Arytenoidswhich is pyramidal and attaches to the cricoid; - Corniculatewhich is conical and connects with the arytenoid apex; - Pointy cartilage that is shaped like a wedge. Function : - Protects and helps move the vocal cord so that we can speak, change the pitch of the voice, and change the volume of the voice; - The place where ligaments, cartilage, muscles connect and facilitates the opening and closing of the airways and sound production. - Prevent the entry of food or drink particles into the larynx; Trachea Structure: - The trachea is composed of ciliated cylindrical epithelial cells with goblet cells; - The trachea and esophagus meet at the cartilage posteriorly; -The outer layer is composed of connective tissue, also found in nerves, blood vessels and fatty tissue. Function : - It is a channel for air to come in and out of the lungs: - Moisturizes and warms the air entering the lungs; - The epithelial layer in the trachea produces mucus which is able to trap dust and small particles. Epithelial cells consist of cellsciliated, cellserous, cellgoblet, cell Clara, cellbasalt, cellbrushes, and cellpulmonary neuroendocrine. . Bronchi Structure: - The type of ciliated cylindrical epithelium is the epithelium that makes up the bronchi which can produce mucus or mucus; - One layer of connective tissue and the layer containing lymphocyte cells which are associated with the body's defense system is called the lamina propria; - Smooth muscle is muscle tissue that makes up the bronchi. Function : - Humidifying breathing air; - Filter breathing air; - Captures dirt that enters with breathing air; Connects - the trachea and lungs - A place to channel carbon dioxide from inside the body out of the body; - Channels oxygen from the environment into the body; A - place to support the lungs. Lungs An adult's left lung weighs around 325 – 550 grams, and the right lung weighs around 375 – 600 grams. Structure: - The left lung consists of two lobes, the heart is in a groove (heart notch) located in the lower lobe; - The right lung has three lobes; - The lungs are separated by an area called the mediastinum which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes; - The lungs are covered by a protective membrane known as the pleura and are separated from the abdominal cavity by a muscular diaphragm. Function : - Processing air obtained from the environment or atmosphere so that it can enter the bloodstream well enough, then the lungs are responsible for adding oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the blood; - In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through the process of external respiration. Inhaled oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding pulmonary capillaries.