Animal Diversity Classification of Phylum

LSN (Protista, Parazoa, Metazoa & Porifera) +- 18.10.22 Classification of Phylum Protozoa Upto classes: → The name of Protozoa was first given by Gold Fuss. The term Protozoa has been derived from two Greek words. namely protous meaning firest & Zoon meaning the first animal Hence, Protozoans are the first animals in the evolutionary historry. General Characterstics: → These are free living, mostly aquatic inhabiting fresh & Sea water & also in damp places → They are parasitic (depend upon another animals are plants). Small microscopic, Simplest & most oste primitive animals. They are either Unicellulare or acellular organism. Locomotary Organels include Pseudopodia, Cillia on Flagella. feet) Autotrophs-who makes their own food Heterotrophs whe depends upon anethan Asymmetric body Fusion-mic → Digestion intracellulan. Nutrition is Parasitic with Cral & Anal Aparnatus. → Respiration through general body Surface & Sometimes through Contractile Vacuoles →Reproduction is fisexual by binary Fission, multiple Fission. budding & Sexual Reproduction by Consügation Sporogamy. → Life history with alternation of generation.. Classification Phylum-Protozca a heterozygous assembly of microscopic Unicellulan Organisms includes nearly 50,000 known Species. 4 The conventional skim of classification as followed by thymen (1948), Hickman (1961) & Stenen (1965) Suggested two (2) Supphylla & phylium. (5) Five Classes Phyllum-Protozoa Sub-phyllum - Plasmodroma Cilliophana Class Cnidaria Class-Sourcedina Mastigophora Opaminata Sponozoa Sub-phyllum-Plasmodro ma Simple & mane premitive Locomotion by pseudopadia on Flagella (Cillia absent 4 Single nucleus (on) mary all are of one kind 4 Sexual reproduction by Syngamy, 4 Asexual reproduction by Binary/Multiple fission 4 Life cycle may involve alternation of generation. Class-1 SARCORDINA pseudopodia for Locomotion & food capture No Sporre formation & no conjugation.. 4 Mostly free-living. 4 Nutrition is holozoic (on) Saprozoic. Ex-Amoeba, Antamoeba, Euglina, Elphidium, Actionphrys etc. Class-2-Mastigophoria/Flagellata: One to many flagella; some with Pseudopodia Asexual reproduction by longitudinal binary fission... No Spore formation & ne Conjugation firee living on parasitic Ex: Euglena, Volvox, chlamydomonas, firipanocoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas etc. Class-3 Opandinata: The old idea that Opalinids have primitive ciliates is being discarded now. Recently, Some authers have placed them. in the class Mastifophoria But the apalinids might best be treated as a uniquegnoup of critjanisms & placed in a Separate class Opalinata with a single anden-Opalinida- Body uniformly coved by Cillia like flagella in oblique nows Cytostome absent Nutrition is Saprozeic Nucleas 2be many monomorephic art identical. Reproduction by birary fission ort by Gametes; no conjugation. Endoparasites in cold blooded vertebrates e.g; Opalina Cepedia etc. Class-4 Sporozoa ody Covered Body with a thick pellicle. No locomotarcy ongans, mouth & Contractile vacuales. Nutrition is Saprozoic. Asexual reproduction by multiple fission. 4 Sexual reproduction by sporne formation. All intsanal parcasites. eg; Monocystis, Gregarina, plasmodium, Myrabolus etc. Subphyllum-Ciliophora: Usually 2 types of nuclei 4 Sexual reproduction by conjugation. Asexual reproduction by binary fission & budding.. Class-5 Ciliata on on Infusonia/Enidaria 4 Locomotary Organells cillia on Sucking tentacles Nuclei of 2 kinds (diamonphic). Nutrition is holocoic.. Asexual reproduction by binary fission. Sexual reproduction by Conjugation &. Balantidium autogamy Paramecium, Vorticella etc. Life Cycle of Plasmodium Vivax ÷ (P. vivax) 01-02.11.22 Gen us Species Systematic Position Phylum Phyllum Protozoa priatozoa Class Spore zoa Class- Order Haemosporidea Sporezoa Genus plasmadium Onder Species- Vivax Introduction Plasmodium vivax is the most common malarial parcasite in an intracellular blood parasite of man... LIt causes malarial disease to human. It was first discovered by Charles Lavernon. But later Sin Ronald Ross discovered that the location of malarial Parasite is inside the stomach. Life Historry Plasmodium is a digeretic parasite, as it completes its life Cyale body in 2(two) hosts. , one its own body & another is human. ↳ Man is known as the primary host where as the Anophilis mosquito is known as the Secondary wast The female anophilis mosquita is the Carrier host where as man is definite host. 4 The life history of the plasmodium involves both sexual & Asexual reproduction. Life Cycle in Man In Case of man asexual cycle Occurs.. 4 The parasite reproduces asexually inside the man body & Sexually inside the mosquito. The asexual also known as Endogenous phase. cycle L↳ It completes by 3 phases (1) Erythrocytic phase. (2) Exo-errythrocytic phase.. (3) Pre-erythecocytic phase. (3) Pre-enrythrocytic phase: ↳ The asexual reproduction is also known as Schizogony. The daughter individuals produce the end of each phase & are named as Suffix Menozoites 4 The life cycle of plasmodium starts in man when an infected female anophilis mosquito bites to as healthy human being. While Sucking, thousand of small Spreozoites are injected with Saliva of mosquito to the blood of man. 4 Aftere halt an hour enteres into the blood, the sporozoites then moves towards the Parenchymatus cells of Liven Inside the livere cell each sporozoites looses its shape becomes rounded & this Itage is called Cryptozoite. ↳ This Cryptozoite stage is also called profozoite on feeding Stage It feeds and attains full growth to become the pre-erytino cytic schizont The Schizont multiplies asexually by multiple fission & is known as Pre-erythrocytic Schizogony After these 1000s of daughter individuals produced & known as Cryptomenozoites. After that they release into the RBCS (2) Exo-erythrocytic phase: The phase is very Complex & during these phase some Cryptomercozoites enter into the new liven Cell & become a new Sporozoite on Trophomerozoite, which is also called Metacryptozoite. The meta-Crypta menozoite again becomes Exo-erythrocytic Schizont They ane rreproduce asexually & is known as Exo-erythro cytic Schizogony 4 The results of the preraduction of 1000s of daughter individe mals arte Known as Meta Meta crypto merco zoite They are two types: (a) The Smallen & more in number is Called as Micro-metacryptomenozoite. (b) The langer & less int number is called as Macrio-metacryptomerozoite. (2) Erythrocytic phase This phase begins when Pre-erythrocytic phase & Exo-erythrogtic phase completes. Inside the RBC the merozoites becomes Spherical & dishelike appearance is called Trophozoite, (Hb) ↳ The Trophozoite feeds on the haemoglobin present in RBC. At this stage the parasite gives ring like I appearance and pseudopodia developes from the surface. This stage is called Amoeboid stage. 4 The merozoites attening called as the maximum growth and are Schizont, then they are Underigoes asexual reproduction ive. Erythrocytic Schizogony. The show from the RBC & mercozoites arranged Such a way that they looks like the petals of a rose flower. There fore these stage is called as. Rosette Stage. Formation of gametocytes & gamegony: 4 Some of the merozoites after entering to the RBC donot develop into Schizont, instead develop into Compact and rounded Sexual forms called gametocytes This gametocytes ane of two types Male on microgametocytes- smallen in size & mare in no Female on Macrogametocytes - langen in size & less in no. Sexual Cycle in mosquito When the female anophelés mosquito bites a malarial patient to Suck blood the gametocyte along with differcent stages of erythrocytic Schizogony enters into the elementary canal with the blood streem. 24 L↳ In the elementary canal the cell membrane of the RBC napture Thus meleasing the gametocytes which undergo Certain changes to develop into gametes Formation of male and Female gamete ↳ The nucleus of the microgametocytes divides repeatedly to form 4-8 daughter nuclei which get arranged in the periferi of the Cytoplasm. Lisit the mean time 4-8 long flagella on thread like processed arised from the surface of gametocytes. Then these arce Separate from the cytoplasm of the gametocyte and are known as male gametes on microgametes. The process of formation of microgametes is known as Ex-Flagellation. The macrogametocytes Ovum. are formed and matures into machogamete on Tentilisation: A Small Conical cytoplasmic projection called as "cone of reception on Fertilization Cone. When the microgametes Come contact with macrogametes feritilisation Occurs through the cone of reception After fusion a zygote is formed. Ookinate Stage+ After the formation of zygote it becomes worn on Vermiform in appearance and is called vermicule on Ookinate. In this space the zygote become Spherical and gets coven with a thin membranous of sheath. In this encysted condition the zygote is known as Cocyst on Sporont. Spornogany In the encysted condition the Oocyst undergoes a phase of asexual reproduction called sporogony. Each of the daughter nucleus get Surrounded by itself a little amount of cytoplasm to form a complete daughter individual. These daughter individuals are called sporozoids... The entire life cycle (sexual Cycle) takes place within the body of the mosquito and then after maturation they comes to the Salivary gland. This total lifecycle takes about 2-4 weeks for Completion and it totally. depends on temperature of the surcrrounding medium. Pathogenecity Four differcent species of plasmodium are known to cause four different types of malaria in human beings. These arre as follows (1) Benign tentian malania It is caused by Plasmodium vivax hence known as vivax malaria also 4 In this e fever type is about 10 days. Comes after every 48 hours and incubation period It is most world wide spread in bath trophical and temperate Zones. Chills, Shivening muscular pain, high temperature, profuse Sweating are the most Common Symptoms of the vivax infection. (2) Mildtentian Malaria: •↳ It is caused by Plasmodium ovule. Incubation period is 14 days. Fever Comes at an interval of 49 to 50 hours. This type of malaria is found in west and south Africa... (3) Quantan Malaria It is caused by Plasmodium malani. Incubation period is 27 to 37 days Fever comes at an interval of every 72 hours. It is also found in both trophical and temperate zon et (4) Malignant tertian malarcia: This is also called as Subtention malaria pro Perinicious malaria. It is Caused by Plasmodium falciparum. tence it is called Falciparum malaria. Incubation period is 10 days. Fever Comes innegularly after every 36 to 48 hours. Deathrate is very high in this type and it is very serious infection which is also called black water fever. It is very Common in trophical Countries hence called Tropical Malaria also.. Therapy chloroquine is very cheap and effective antimalarial drug In addition quinine, che doxycycline, nefoquinine ets are available in market as antimalenial drug. Currently Prophylaxis and treatment Mosquito net should use. Antimosquito Cream should be apply oven exposed body pants. Other forms of mosquito repellent should be use Insecticides likes DDT, BHC etc. should be spread to control the anophilic insects. By introducing mosquito lanva eating fishes gambusia, gold fish, trout fish etc. should be used. Cleanlyness should be maintain the area which is used for the living Purpose After the desease including preventive measures the proper medicines likes quinine and chlorogu nine etc. should have to take.