University:
Brigham Young University
Course:
BIO 130 | Biology
Academic year:

2022
Views:

192

Pages:

46
Author:

SpaceSerenade

Papere ? DL-14-3-22 unit-I-Overeview of cells and plasma membrane -The building blocks of oure body arce cells. All living things arrestmade from one admorce cells. The adult human body is made of more then 210 cell types and the total numbere of estimated cell is 10 to 10 trillion ore billion. -A call is the simplest unit of life and is responsible Fore Keeping a organism, alive and functioning. The terem cell come for a latin word 'cella' meand small room. It is the basic structural, functional & biological unit of all living organism. A It is call is the smallest unit of life. often called as "building block of life". - Cells Werre discovered by Robert hooke in theorcy Firest developed din 1839 by Jakob 1665. cell Scheiden and Theodor schwann states that all organisms are Composed of one or marce Fundamental unit of cells that the celle are Structure and Function in all living organisms and that all cell forem fream press existing dell. -The branch of life science that deals with the study of cells is known as cell biology. A cell can eat, grow and movere it cap pert qispose of necessary maintenance, recycle poved Wastes. It can adopt to charges replicate itself. and it can even te rem in its environment Cell:- Cells are considered as the basic unit of life part because they come in discrete and easily cells are Seux- in recognisable packages that because all ounded by a structure called cell membrane, sereve as a clear Boundry between the cell's internal & extern environment. The cell membrane in sometimes also referred as plasma membrane. Components of cell: cells contain nudeic acid, protein, carbohydrate and lipids. a) Nucleic acid: These ard the molecules that contain and help 12 mayore express a cell's genetic code. There are 20 Classess of nucleic acid DNA & RNA -DNA is the molecule that contain all the inforzanation. required to build and maintenance maintain the cell. And RNA has several roles associated with expression of the information storced in DNA. b) Protein' These are a second type of intracellulare origjani molecule. These substancel are made of chains of Smaller molecule called amino acid and they serve a variety of function in the cell both catalytic & structural. C) Carbohydrate Carbohydrate, the starch is sugere in cells arre another impofitant type of organic holecule. simple Carbohydratte used for cells Ammediate energy demands Wherce energy ds complex carbohydrate serve Lipids/Fat: Lipids/Fats molecules are components, of cell membrane both in the plasma membrane and various intracellulare membrane. energy storage. Thay are also involved in Category of cell: calls arce typically of 2 types & prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cell. -A prokaryotic cell is a by the absence of a nudens. gorised b of cell le code- It donot possess Membrand bound cellular organels and arce exclusively unicellulare and the orthore hand eukaryotic cells arre cells that possess a true nudeus malong with membrane bound organels and it can either be unicellular ore multicellular. Cell theory: cell theory is a way to living thing. call theory describe the states that the biology of All living creganisms are composed The is the unit of colt 3) Cells arised from Energy flow existing cell becum Within cell OCCUR Heredity information is passed on from call to cell. 6) All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Dt-16-3-22 Prokaryotic cell The Wored preokaryo comes from the grecek word eans beforee & Kaayon-means hud Pro-means A preckaryotic is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria ore an other membrane bound organells. any -Preckaryotes can be divided into 2 Archaea & bacteria. domains: Components of preokaryotic cell; i) plasma memtartane - It is an outen that Separates coll's enterion from its sULCA- unlding environments. 22cytoplasm- -It consist of the gelly like cytosel inside the coll, thus the callhlak structure susp ended in that cell. DNA - It is a genetic material of cell. iv) Ribosome - These are molecular machine that Synthesis preotein. Eukaryotic coll Eukaryotic cell's have distint membrane bound organells, animal cell is the best example of the - these cells spherical bediomay wome are in their shape depending on the function distribution.! tisswe - They contain an cuteri membrane and an inner cytoplasm. Sub-cellular organells: The trajor portion of th Daytoplasm-The of the cell interiore that forom the call matrix is called cytoplass. of inorganic constitueret! It is composed (water, sodium salt, No salts, metals) & organic Na salts, K Salts & constituents amorphous Translucent Colloidal in nature. It is $ homogeneous, It has living structure Called organelles & non-living structures called deutoplasm or inclusions: Nucleus: Nucleus is a more or less spherical organelle located almost in the center of the cell. It is enveloped by a double membrane structure called the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): It is a highly convoluted membranous sac formed of interconnected tubules. Almost 50% of the cell membrane is contributed by the ER. Golgi Complex: It is a stack of flattened membranous sacs. Lysosome: These are tiny, irregular, or nearly spherical vesicles. A lysosome is the storehouse of hydrolytic enzymes collectively called acid hydrolases. Peroxisomes: These are small vesicles that store detoxification enzymes and help in detoxification by removing toxic substances. Ribosome: These are the primary constituents of protein synthesis. Ribosomes can exist as a single unit associated with the ER or multiple units associated with mRNA. Mitochondria: It is the powerhouse of the cell and is responsible for respiration of the cell and energy production. Types of Cell: All Days Unicellular: Cell Size: Ranges from 0.2 µm - 2.0 µm in diameter Nucleus: Absent DNA: Circular Cell Division: Through binary fission Flagella: Smaller in size Reproduction: Asexual Example: Bacteria, Archaea Unicellular & Multicellular: Cell Size: Ranges from 10 - 100 µm in diameter Nucleus: Present DNA: Linear Cell Division: Through mitosis Flagella: Larger in size Reproduction: Both sexual & asexual Example: Plant & animal cell Bacteria Structure: It ranges in size from 1.1 to 1.5 µm in width and 2.0 to 5.0 µm in length. They are different in their shape and are accordingly divided into cocci, bacilli, vibrio, spirillum. Cocci are spherical in shape (Streptococcus pyogenes, S. mitis, S. pneumoniae). Bacilli are a group of rod-shaped bacteria (Bacillus megaterium). Vibrios are comma-shaped or curved-shaped bacteria (Vibrio cholerae). Spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria (Rhodospirillum rubrum). -Ribosome (Fig: St. of bacteria) -Depending on the nature of the cellwall bacteria may be differentiated as gream tre and gream-ve. These difference in the cellwall was ist identify by Hans christian Gram the using the staining techniqulall gream. Guram name gro hence tue has a highly credss Linked thick peptido glycan layer. cell not covered by outer membrlathe and this famlayer posses less number of porre of small size on the othere hand gream with less creoss Cell wall is -ve bonked thin covered by of larger pores present. batteria have thin cellwall peptide glycan layer. outer membrane is mored number My Mycoplasm are smallest and the simplest self replicating bacteria. It contains minimum, set of crepands lessential fer growth and replication that is