Unit 1: Biochetics

Unit-Is Bioenergetics Biccnergetics is a part of bischernistey, idealing with the energy inustued un moking and breaking of chemical bonds in the biological monatecules forin in the living world Production of Energy:- () Ogitation step (1) Phosphorylation step NADH UND+H₂O ATP Libreak in ATP * Essential of Bioenergetics:- - mechanical work - chemical WANK - Growth & deurlopment - Cleavage and bacaking * Low of Bioenergetics:- 1. Law of thermodynamics. 2. Thermodynamic concept 3. ATP and Phosphogens. thw of thermodynamics:- . Ist low of Conservation of Energy:- ΔΕΙ where, Q= teat given DE= change in internal energy W= work dane Enthalby 2. Thermodynamic Conception Ent Enthalpy = DHAE+PV it PV = constant=f ΔΗ = ΔΕ Entaby DS=DSJ-05; →Randomnes disorderless SLLLG 3. ATP and Phosphogens:- on P-On ATP Phosphorylation ADP+ ip + Energy ↑ Phosphorylation AMP + ip + Energy ↑ Phosphorylation Adenine + ip + Energy? OH-P Concept of force energy: The concept of free energy (G). is very useful in biochemistry.. (Gibb's Free energy (G) • 'n' apress thal amount of energy capable of doing work during a seaction of constant temp. & pressure • In exergenic reaction the system rebase free energy. and DG is negative In ondergenic reaction the system gain energy ond Den is positive. • The unit of DG is Jouls mole or Calories/male. By using the fiast and second law of thermos in the year 1878, William Gibbs gave the free energy function. AG=DH-TDS usheno DG change in free energy DM = change um treat content of enthalpy TF ite temperature Absolute at which process is taking blou AS = Change in entropy of this system. Bioenergetics involues two main reactions:- 1.) Exergenic Reactions 2) Endergenic Reactions 1) Exengonic Reactions: Exergenic reactions are those reactions in which energy is release from bo It is a type of spontaneous reaction in which value of ACG is negative because the chang in enthalpy value is dess and change in entrophy phy in is tigh AG=DH-TAS AG=-ve DHU TAST exergonic axns Spontaneous DG= tve DHA TASU 30 Non-spontaneous E=E-2303 RTx Coại where, E= electrode potential. E= standard electrode potential R= Rydberg's constant T = absolute temperature n = no of electrons moving in oxi-add axns. F = Faraday's constant Energy-Rich Compounds:- Molecule containing high energy bond are called energy-rich compounds. These energy rich compound are the cell's covren they con be used to power energy consuming by biochemical reaction • The compounds which passes sufficient free energe its release approx. 7 callmol of energy at pH 7.0 are known as grergy-rich on high-energy compound The compounds releasing less than 7.0 call mol of energy (lower than ATP hydrolysis to ADPHI are categorised as low-energy compounds. Classification:- There are at least five groups of high-energy compounds. 1) Pyrophosphates: eg., ATP 2) Acyl phosphates: eg, 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate - 2-om и 3) Enol phosphates: eg, phosphsenolpyruvato -2-00 4) Thioesters: eg., autyl CoA. -C-oms- 5) Phosphogens: eg, phosphocreatine -NP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHA (ATP):- ATP is also called the energy currency of the cell became this molecule play important role in metabolism, particularly energy transfer within the cell. It consist of- Adenasine +5 carbon sugar + 3 phosphate groups. ATP-ADP (yds The hydrolysis of ATP is associated with the vietcase of large amounts of energy. ATP + H₂O →ADP+Pi+ 7.3 Cal. The energy liberated is utilized for various processes like muscle contraction and reproductive tromsport. ATP also acts as a donor of high-energy phestate to low-energy compounds to make them energy-rich. On the other hand, ADP accepts high-energy phestate from the compounds, posseseeing higher free energy content, to form ATP. Oxidstuie phophorylation (up ADPA ATP Muscle contraction Active transport Biosyntheses Phosphorylations Substrate level phosphorylstion Creatine Creatine Fig. ATP-ADP Cycle along with Sources ond Utilisation of Note: P does not exist in free form but is only tromsferred Biological Significance of ATP :- 1) Active Transpool: ATP plays an important role in the transport of molecules, such as proteins and lipids, inside and outside the cell. The hychdysis of ATP produces the required energy for the active trompet mechanism to carry such molecules across the cone difference. 2) (ell Signalling:- ATP play important role both in intracellular and extracellular signalling. 3) Structural Maintainence: ATP plays a very important role in preserving the structure of the cell by helping the assembly (that) of cytoskeleton elements. 4) Muscle contraction:- ATP is critical for the contraction of murle, ut bind ta myosin to provide energy ond faciliated its binding to ortin to form cross bridge. 5) Metabolic Reaction:- ATP is used two transport chemical energy in many important process. CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE:- (CAMP) CAMP oa 3',5' cylic adenssine monophosphate is a second messenger important in many biological process (AMP is a derivative of ATP. ATP ADP and used for the intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms. Synthesis of cAMP occurs from ATP by the enзута adenylyl cydose co membiars enzymel which requised mg12 Significance of CAMP:- It act as second messenger in mediating the hormone action. It regulate glycogen metabolism (cincrease cyclic Rimp promotes glycogenolysis). 9t inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. • CAMP activate steroid biosynthesis. CAMP play an important role in cell differentia It regulate secretion of insulin and synthesis of fot colamin and melatonin. • Bitten test receptors in tong get excited with decreasing level of CAMP. • CAMP vregulate for cell membrane permeability to water Not, K+, Cat. CAMP modulate's both translation or transcription Lin protein synthesis