Psychology Module 1 Part 1

1. Which of the following is an evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation? A) critical thinking B) structuralism C) empirical approach D) humanistic psychology 2. Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates A) functionalism. B) Freudian psychology. C) an empirical approach. D) positive psychology. 3. One of psychology's early mottos was “the rat is always right.” Which aspect of the scientific attitude did this represent? A) humility B) respect for animals C) curiosity D) skepticism 4. Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are A) pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity. B) ingenuity, practicality, and certainty. C) certainty, creativity, and curiosity. D) curiosity, skepticism, and humility. 5. Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of A) pride. B) skepticism. C) practicality. D) enthusiasm. 6. The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to A) perceive order in random events. B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. C) recognize the errors in our own ideas. D) respect political beliefs that contradict our own. Page 1 7. Critical thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT A) appraising the source of information. B) automatic acceptance of information. C) evaluating provided evidence. D) assessing conclusions. 8. Marissa recently attended a lecture on supernatural phenomena, which explained how the locations of planets and stars at one's birth determines the person's personality and life course. Marissa is not convinced that this information is accurate and so she is quite skeptical. She has concluded that the assumptions and conclusions of this statement are faulty, that the speaker is biased and lacks credibility, and that there is minimal evidence to support this claim. Marissa has engaged in A) critical thinking. B) introspection C) speculation. D) emergent thinking. 9. Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions illustrates A) introspection. B) critical thinking. C) the psychyodynamic perspective. D) an empirical approach. 10. Critical thinking most clearly involves A) a biopsychosocial approach. B) introspection. C) evaluating evidence. D) the psychodynamic perspective. 11. A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates A) behaviorism. B) critical thinking. C) introspection. D) Freudian psychology. Page 2 12. Melinda was concerned that the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to convey unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustrate A) introspection. B) an empirical approach. C) critical thinking. D) the neuroscience perspective. 13. Questioning whether conclusions are warranted by the existing evidence best illustrates A) critical thinking. B) functionalism. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) introspection. 14. When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are most clearly demonstrating A) functionalism. B) behaviorism. C) an empirical approach. D) critical thinking. 15. Who speculated that a meal makes us sleepy by causing gas and heat to collect around our heart? A) Aristotle B) Plato C) Descartes D) Locke 16. Aristotle suggested that the source of our personality is the A) brain. B) throat. C) heart. D) stomach. 17. Who developed the first psychological laboratory? A) Wundt B) Plato C) Freud D) James Page 3 18. Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of A) animal intelligence. B) personality development. C) social influence. D) mental processes. 19. The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes using A) a biopsychosocial perspective. B) an evolutionary perspective. C) positive psychology. D) scientific methods. 20. Which early psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure? A) Edward Bradford Titchener B) William James C) John Locke D) Wilhelm Wundt 21. The early school of thought that used introspection to reveal the mind's makeup was called A) cognitive neuroscience. B) behaviorism. C) structuralism. D) evolutionary psychology. 22. Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. A) John B. Watson B) Charles Darwin C) Edward Titchener D) B. F. Skinner 23. Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called A) cognitive neuroscience. B) introspection. C) behaviorism. D) humanistic psychology. Page 4 24. Research participants are asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involves a technique known as A) behavior genetics. B) psychoanalysis. C) massed practice. D) introspection. 25. The unreliability of ________ led to the waning popularity of structuralism. A) introspection B) spaced practice C) behaviorism D) humanistic psychology 26. William James was a prominent American A) psychoanalyst. B) behaviorist. C) functionalist. D) psychiatrist. 27. Which early psychologist aimed to study the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings? A) Edward Bradford Titchener B) William James C) John Locke D) Wilhelm Wundt 28. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the A) adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors. B) component elements of sensory experience. C) disruptive effects of unconscious motives. D) treatment of psychological disorders. 29. Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) John B. Watson C) Sigmund Freud D) William James Page 5 30. The psychology textbook that William James took 12 years to author was titled A) The New Science. B) Psychology. C) Principles of Psychology. D) The Abstract Mind. 31. Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness? A) John B. Watson B) Sigmund Freud C) Carl Rogers D) Charles Darwin 32. Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to A) behaviorism. B) humanistic psychology. C) cognitive neuroscience. D) functionalism. 33. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? A) Jean Piaget B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Rosalie Rayner D) Mary Whiton Calkins 34. Which woman psychologist was the first to officially earn a doctorate degree? A) Margaret Floy Washburn B) Mary Whiton Calkins C) Anna Freud D) Marla Wundt 35. Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of A) mental processes. B) clinical psychology. C) unconscious motives. D) conditioned responses. Page 6 36. Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of A) genetic influences. B) self-esteem. C) conscious thoughts and feelings. D) observable behavior. 37. The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as A) behaviorism. B) cognitive neuroscience. C) humanistic psychology. D) positive psychology. 38. Behaviorists dismissed the value of A) science. B) introspection. C) spaced practice. D) applied research. 39. Observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned was of most central interest to A) Freudian psychology. B) humanistic psychology. C) behaviorism. D) structuralism. 40. Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the introspective study of self-esteem to be A) applied research. B) a positive psychology. C) an unscientific method. D) a biopsychosocial approach. 41. John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________. A) biology; environment B) observable behavior; inner sensations C) mental illness; psychiatry D) cognitive perspective; psychodynamic perspective Page 7 42. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? A) evolutionary psychology B) Freudian psychology C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism 43. Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is most typical of A) evolutionary psychology. B) cognitive neuroscience. C) structuralism. D) Freudian psychology. 44. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as A) behaviorism. B) humanistic psychology. C) cognitive neuroscience. D) behavior genetics. 45. Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's A) childhood memories. B) genetic predispositions. C) unconscious thought processes. D) potential for healthy growth. 46. Beginning in the 1960s, psychological science returned to its earlier interest in mental processes. This movement was inspired by the A) emergence of community psychology. B) push for a positive psychology. C) cognitive revolution. D) free love movement. Page 8