Psychology Module 1 Part 2

47. Professor Jones is examining the impact of parental divorce on adult children's attitudes regarding romantic relationships. The attitude regarding romantic relationships can be considered a(n) A) behavior. B) action. C) mental process. D) conclusion. 48. In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of A) mental processes. B) hereditary influences. C) unconscious motives. D) learned behaviors. 49. The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central to A) clinical psychology. B) humanistic psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) cognitive psychology. 50. The branch of psychology that can be considered a marriage between the science of the mind and the science of the brain is called A) behaviorism. B) Freudian psychology. C) neuroscience. D) cognitive neuroscience. 51. Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between A) natural selection and genetic predispositions. B) childhood memories and psychological disorders. C) thought processes and brain functions. D) philosophy and physiology. Page 9 52. Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct interest to the specialty area known as A) behavior genetics. B) cognitive neuroscience. C) evolutionary psychology. D) functionalism. 53. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of A) conscious and unconscious mental activity. B) observable responses to the environment. C) behavior and mental processes. D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. 54. Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________. A) evolution; natural selection B) behavior; mental process C) conscious; unconscious D) nurture; nature 55. The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and A) economics. B) biology. C) geography. D) sociology. 56. The personality theorist Sigmund Freud was an Austrian A) chemist. B) physician. C) theologian. D) politician. 57. One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist A) Edward Bradford Titchener. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) William James. D) Jean Piaget. Page 10 58. Today's psychology is best described as increasingly A) introspective in its methods. B) psychodynamic it its perspective. C) globalized in its influence. D) controversial in its application. 59. The first university psychology department in China was established in A) 1952. B) 1978. C) 2010. D) 2016. 60. The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits. A) massed practice and spaced practice B) unconscious and conscious motives C) behavior and mental processes D) genes and experience 61. Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________. A) observation; introspection B) psychology; psychiatry C) nature; nurture D) behavior; mental processes 62. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environment are most directly relevant to the debate regarding A) structuralism and functionalism. B) conscious and unconscious thought. C) observation and introspection. D) nature and nurture. Page 11 63. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of A) neuroscience and cognition. B) nature and nurture. C) behavior and mental processes. D) conscious and unconscious thoughts. 64. Plato's assumption that we inherit character traits and intelligence is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding A) conscious and unconscious thoughts. B) observation and introspection. C) nature and nurture. D) basic and applied research. 65. In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as A) Plato is to Aristotle. B) Watson is to Skinner. C) Aristotle is to Plato. D) Skinner is to Watson. 66. Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of A) Aristotle. B) Plato. C) John Locke. D) B. F. Skinner. 67. Who suggested that the mind at birth is a blank sheet upon which experience writes? A) Charles Darwin B) René Descartes C) John Locke D) Plato Page 12 68. Which seventeenth-century European philosopher believed that some ideas are innate? A) John Locke B) Ivan Pavlov C) Edward Titchener D) René Descartes 69. The English theorist who first proposed evolutionary psychology was A) Ivan Pavlov. B) Charles Darwin. C) John B. Watson. D) Carl Rogers. 70. Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) John Locke D) Charles Darwin 71. Charles Darwin attempted to explain the ________ that he encountered. A) unconscious thought processes B) species variation C) biopsychosocial approach D) SQ3R method 72. The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as A) functionalism. B) natural selection. C) behavior genetics. D) structuralism. 73. Natural selection refers to the principle that variations in ________ that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. A) learned habits B) inherited traits C) levels of analysis D) cultural practices Page 13 74. Exploring how we humans are alike because of our common biology and evolutionary history is the focus of A) cognitive neuroscience. B) community psychology. C) behavior genetics. D) evolutionary psychology. 75. Exploring how we humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of A) behavior genetics. B) cognitive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) humanistic psychology. 76. By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity for A) inborn ideas. B) natural selection. C) introspection. D) learning and adaptation. 77. The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitute their A) culture. B) levels of analysis. C) massed practice. D) community psychology. 78. The transmission of customs for showing respect to those in positions of authority best illustrates the importance of A) functionalism. B) culture. C) introspection. D) behavior genetics. 79. Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for A) promoting the testing effect. B) inhibiting introspection. C) discerning human similarities and differences. D) encouraging massed practice. Page 14 80. The fact that people diagnosed with specific learning disorder exhibit the same brain malfunctions whether they are Italian, French, or British demonstrates that A) people are heavily influenced by their society and culture. B) genetics and biology are more influential on developmental outcomes than environment is. C) the same underlying processes guide people everywhere. D) there are cultural variations in the expression of developmental commonalities. 81. People from around the world are able to communicate through facial expressions, such as a smile or a frown. This demonstrates that A) people are heavily influenced by their society and culture. B) genetics and biology are more influential on developmental outcomes than one's environment. C) the same underlying processes guide people everywhere. D) there are cultural variations in the expression of developmental commonalities. 82. Across cultures, loneliness is magnified by shyness and low self-esteem. This demonstrates that A) people are heavily influenced by their society and culture. B) genetics and biology are more influential on developmental outcomes than one's environment. C) the same underlying processes guide people everywhere. D) there are cultural variations in the expression of developmental commonalities. 83. The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This best illustrates an important A) conditioned response. B) psychodynamic perspective. C) empirical approach. D) gender difference. 84. Psychological differences between the genders are A) of little interest to contemporary psychologists. B) simply reflections of biological differences between the sexes. C) no longer evident in contemporary Western societies. D) far outweighed by gender similarities. Page 15 85. Depression and suicide are more common in today's North American culture than they were in the very different North American culture of nearly a century ago. But in both the past and the more recent cultural settings, pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness corresponded to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates that ________ often underlie cultural differences in behavior. A) genetic differences B) unconscious motives C) early childhood memories D) common psychological processes 86. Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive is the major focus of A) the psychodynamic perspective. B) positive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) behavior genetics. 87. Research on human flourishing is the major focus of A) the psychodynamic perspective. B) behavior genetics. C) naturalistic observation. D) positive psychology. 88. Dr. Salvia is studying how happiness in late adulthood relates to a person's social network and social connectedness. Her approach is called A) cognitive psychology. B) positive psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) the biopsychosocial approach. 89. Professor Kurtines is researching the psychological benefit of friendships during adolescence. His research is best aligned with which approach to psychology? A) cognitive psychology B) positive psychology C) evolutionary psychology D) the biopsychosocial approach Page 16 90. Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different A) cognitive functions. B) unconscious motives. C) levels of analysis. D) natural selections. 91. The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of A) SQ3R. B) introspection. C) humanistic psychology. D) multiple levels of analysis. 92. Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires A) introspection. B) psychoanalysis. C) massed practice. D) a biopsychosocial approach. 93. The biopsychosocial approach incorporates different levels of analysis, which A) have little value for applied research. B) typically contradict common sense. C) are generally impossible to test scientifically. D) complement one another. 94. Which of the following is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial approach? A) cognitive processing B) genetic predispositions C) genetic mutations D) natural selection Page 17