Cell Biology, Genetics, and Biochemistry - Key Concepts Review

Which organelle would be strongly expressed in cells that produce and export a large amount of protein hormones? A. Central vacuole B. Golgi apparatus B. Golgi apparatus C. Mitochondria D. Lysosomes E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum All of the following are assumptions in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. No mutations C. Equal inflow and outflow of individuals B. No natural selection C. Equal inflow and outflow of individuals D. Random mating E. Sufficiently large population "Large Random M&M" hard weinberg mneumonic Large populations to minimize the effects of genetic drift. Random mating: Individuals do not seek a particular type of individual to mate with, i.e. they do not mate only with nearby individuals or express sexual selection. No mutation: There cannot be any mutations to introduce new alleles into the population. No natural selection: Evolution must not be occurring. No migration: There is no gene flow, meaning that the population must be isolated. Which ion is regulated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum? A. Sodium C. Calcium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Chlorine E. Magnesium Why does yeast undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen? A. Produce ethanol to serve as an electron donor D. Oxidize NADH to NAD+ B. Regenerate FADH2 C. Release O2 D. Oxidize NADH to NAD+ An experiment is designed to track the movement of DNA within a cell. Which radioactive isotope would be the most useful to mark a nucleic acid? A. 32P A. 32P B. 35S C. 15N D. 13C E. 15O Which of the following is derived from the endoderm? A. Neural tube E. Pancreas B. Lens of the eye C. Dermis D. Muscles E. Pancreas The acrosomal reaction is best described as a reaction that A. occurs after the cortical reaction. D. releases hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve B. divides a zygote into two cells. the zona pellucida. C. depolarizes the egg to prevent further sperm from entry. D. releases hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve the zona pellucida. E. marks the completion of fertilization. acrosome The ___ reaction is a recognition process that allows for same-species fertilization. An individual who is color-blind most likely has some deficiency in which part of the eye? A. Cornea C. Cones B. Lens C. Cones D. Pupil E. Rods The ___ are the photoreceptors that detect color. ____ cells are most concentrated in the cones fovea of the retina. They respond to high-intensity illumination (making them less useful at night). During the Calvin cycle, which molecule is regenerated? A. G3P E. RuBP B. Glucose C. Pyruvate D. RuBisCo E. RuBP Which of the following is responsible for the coupling at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction? C. Release of acetylcholine into the synaptic A. Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum cleft B. Release of acetylcholine from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. Release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft D. Release of calcium into the synaptic cleft Which of the following hormones does the posterior pituitary release? A. Prolactin B. Antidiuretic hormone B. Antidiuretic hormone C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone D. Follicle stimulating hormone E. Luteinizing hormone What hormone controls maternal behavior in mammals? A. Prolactin C. Oxytocin B. Estrogen C. Oxytocin D. Dopamine childbirth oxytocin is responsible for what 3 things lactation maternal behavior C. 450 1200-150 = 1050 after adenine 1050-150 = 900 after thymine 900/2 = 450 of guanine and cytosine A DNA molecule has 1200 nucleotides total (600 base pairs). If 150 nucleotides are adenine, how many nucleotides will be guanine? A. 75 B. 150 C. 450 D. 600 What do nitrogen fixing bacteria convert? A. Nitrate into nitrogen gas B. Nitrogen gas into ammonium B. Nitrogen gas into ammonium C. Ammonium into nitrogen gas D. Ammonium into nitrite Denitrifying ___ bacteria convert nitrate (NO3-) into nitrogen gas (N2). nitrifying The conversion from ammonium (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2-) is done by ___ bacteria. A patient develops a mutation that impairs their juxtaglomerular cells. Which of the following would be observed in this patient? A. Decreased blood pressure A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased sodium reabsorption C. Decreased urine production D. Increased aldosterone low / increasing Juxtaglomerular cells respond to ___ blood pressure and sodium levels by releasing renin and ___ blood pressure. All of the following are part of mRNA processing EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. Phosphorylation of 3' end A. Phosphorylation of 3' end B. Addition of a 5' guanine cap C. Attachment of poly-A tail D. RNA splicing The human arm and wing of a bat contain the same bones, but in different sizes and shapes. It's hypothesized both evolved from a single ancestor that shared these bones. What is this an example of? C. Divergent evolution A. Parallel evolution B. Coevolution C. Divergent evolution D. Convergent evolution E. Directional selection In what form is CO2 most predominantly transported in the blood? A. Bicarbonate anion A. Bicarbonate anion B. Carbonic acid C. Carboxyhemoglobin D. Dissolved CO2 gas Which of the following best describes animals that mate only once in their lifetime? A. Monogamy D. Semelparity B. Polygamy C. Polyandry D. Semelparity E. Iteroparity In a karyotype of a human embryo, it's observed that there is an unidentical banding pattern and a longer arm than usual on chromosome 12. What is most A. Translocation likely responsible for these aberrations? A. Translocation B. Duplication C. Deletion D. Inversion Alternative splicing allows for which of the following? C. Production of many proteins from a single mRNA strand A. Silencing of specific mRNA sequences B. Regulation of enzymes in the cell C. Production of many proteins from a single mRNA strand D. Deletion of unused termination sequence Which of the following is found in both bacteria and viruses? A. Cell wall C. Nucleic acid B. Capsid C. Nucleic acid D. Nucleoid region E. Pili Which of the following biomes is characterized by cool summer temperatures, cold winters, and little seasonal precipitation? A. Taiga D. Tundra B. Temperate deciduous forests C. Tropical rainforests D. Tundra E. Temperate grasslands nucleus > mitochondria > ER > ribosomes weight of organelles in cetrifugation Which pituitary gland hormone acts where to stimulate testosterone production? A. Follicle-stimulating hormone acting on the seminiferous tubules C. Luteinizing hormone acting on the Leydig B. Progesterone acting on the Sertoli cells interstitial cells C. Luteinizing hormone acting on the Leydig interstitial cells D. Prolactin acting on the prostate gland E. Growth hormone acting on the epididymis A diploid organism contains 5 genes. It is homozygous for 2 of these genes, and heterozygous for the remaining 3. All of the genes assort independently. Based on this D. 8 information, how many unique gametes can this organism produce? A. 2 AA x BB x Cc x Dd x Ee B. 3 1x1x2x2x2=8 C. 6 D. 8 E. 32 Which portion of the nephron is impermeable to water? A. Collecting duct D. Ascending loop of Henle B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Descending loop of Henle D. Ascending loop of Henle E. Distal convoluted tubule ascending Salts are freely reabsorbed from the ___ loop of Henle, but water is not. descending Water is freely reabsorbed from the ___ loop of Henle, but salts are not. Where is FADH2 produced in eukaryotes? A. Intermembrane space of the mitochondria D. Mitochondrial matrix B. Outer mitochondrial membrane C. Inner mitochondrial membrane D. Mitochondrial matrix E. Cytosol