Wound Healing Process

Chapter 6 This chapter outlines the concepts of innate immunity, inflammation, and wound healing. Innate immunity refers to the body's initial defense mechanisms against invasion and injury. Inflammation is the body's response to injury and infection, aimed at protecting and healing the body. Wound healing involves several phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, tissue formation, and remodeling. Bullet points Wound Healing Process  Wound healing involves multiple phases, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling  Inflammation phase involves hemostasis and the recruitment of immune cells  Proliferative phase involves cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and the formation of granulation tissue  Remodeling phase involves the reorganization and maturation of the new tissue  Various cell types, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and platelets, contribute to wound healing  Factors like growth factors and cytokines play crucial roles in the wound healing process Microbiome and Immunity  The human microbiome plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating immune responses  Normal microbiota provide a barrier against pathogens and stimulate immune development  Changes in the microbiome can influence immune function and disease susceptibility  Pathogens can take advantage of compromised immunity to cause opportunistic infections Course Objectives: Define the stimuli of hypersensitivity and provide a clinical example: allergy, autoimmunity, alloimmunity, and immune deficiency.     Hypersensitivity is a condition where the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, causing an abnormal immune response. For example, allergies occur when the immune system reacts to substances like pollen or pet dander, causing symptoms like sneezing, itching, and wheezing. A clinical example of autoimmunity is rheumatoid arthritis, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. A clinical example of alloimmunity is an organ transplant rejection, where the recipient's immune system attacks and rejects the transplanted organ because it recognizes it as foreign. A clinical example of immune deficiency is HIV/AIDS, where the immune system is weakened and unable to effectively fight off infections and diseases. Draw a mind map of the process of the four types of hypersensitivity and compare them to each other. Explain what an allergy is and how it is different from a drug reaction.  An allergy is an exaggerated immune response to a harmless substance (allergen) like pollen or food, while a drug reaction is a negative response to a medication that can vary from mild side effects to severe allergic reactions or toxic effects. Discuss the different types of blood group antigens and the issues concerning blood type compatibility for blood transfusions.  There are different types of blood group antigens, such as A, B, and Rh antigens, which determine a person's blood type. When it comes to blood transfusions, compatibility is important. For example, a person with blood type A can safely receive blood from a type A or type O donor, but not from a type B or type AB donor. Rh compatibility is also essential, as Rh positive blood can be given to Rh positive or Rh negative recipients, but Rh negative blood should only be given to Rh negative recipients. Summarize the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), including clinical symptoms that indicate HIV infection and its progression to AIDS. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). After infection, HIV attacks and destroys immune cells called CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system. The progression of HIV to AIDS is marked by a decline in CD4 T cell count, leading to symptoms like recurring infections, weight loss, fatigue, and opportunistic infections like pneumonia or certain cancers. These symptoms indicate HIV infection and the progression to AIDS.