Joints and Muscles in Human

JOINTS AND MUSCLES IN HUMAN 1. Explain the types of movement joints that exist in humans Joints are parts of the body that are responsible for connecting bones and other bones. Based on the nature of movement, joints are divided into 3, namely dead joints or synarthosis, stiff joints or amphiarthosis and mobile joints or diarthosis. 1) Dead joints or synarthrosis are joints that cannot move. For example, the joints located in the skull bones. 2) Stiff joints or amphiarthrosis are joints that can be moved but only limited movement. For example, the joints located in the spine and ribs. Mobile joints or diarthrosis are joints that can be moved maximally. Movement joints consist of 6 types, namely • Saddle joints are joints that cause two-way movement, namely sideways and forwards. For example, the base bone of the thumb. • Hinge joints are joints that cause movement in one direction. For example in the knees and elbows. • Rolling joints are joints that cause rotational movement in the axis but the movement is limited. For example, the relationship between the palm of the hand and the ends of the finger bones. • Rotary joints are joints that cause rotational movements at the ends of other bones. For example, the atlas bones and skull bones. • Ball joints are joints that cause movement in all directions. For example, the relationship between the upper arm and the shoulder girdle. • Saddle joints are joints that cause two-way movement, namely sideways and forwards. For example, the base bone of the thumb. 2. Explain what joints are in the skull bones The skull bones are a collection of bones that form the head and function to protect vital organs, namely the brain, from impacts. The skull bones consist of the frontal bone or forehead bone, parietal bone or crown bone, temporal bone or temple bone, occipital bone or back head bone, sphenoid bone or wedge bone, etomoid bone or sieve bone. The connections between these bones form a groove or suture pattern called a suture. In the skull there are 33 types of sutures. Joints are parts of the body that function to connect bones between bones. In humans there are 360 joints. According to their movement, joints are divided into 3, namely immobile joints or synarthosis, stiff joints or amphiarthosis and mobile joints or diarthosis. • Dead joints or synartoses are connections between bones where no movement occurs. • Stiff joints or amphiarthosis are connections between bones that cause limited movement. • Movable joints or diarthosis are connections between bones that cause various kinds of movement. The skull contains its constituent bones which are connected by sutures. In the skull there are joints, namely dead joints or synartoses which are unable to carry out any movement because synartoses do not have joint spaces. 3. Explain the main functions of ligaments and tendons Joints are parts of the body that function to connect bones between bones. In humans there are 360 joints. According to their movement, joints are divided into 3, namely immobile joints or synarthosis, stiff joints or amphiarthosis and mobile joints or diarthosis. Dead joints or synartoses are connections between bones where no movement occurs. Stiff joints or amphiarthosis are connections between bones that cause limited movement. Movement joints or diarthosis are connections between bones that cause various kinds of movement. In joints there are connective tissues, namely ligaments and tendons. • Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue in the form of ribbons and composed of elastic fibers that connect bones. • Tendons are fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles and bones. The main function of ligaments and tendons is to help balance body structures and assist body movement. The function of ligaments is to determine the extent of the range of movement that will be made by the joint so as to prevent joint dislocations (moving of bones/joints from their normal position) and to provide protection for bones and joints from fracture. Meanwhile, tendons function to transmit the mechanical force of muscle construction to bones or other structures such as the eyeball and move bones or structures when muscles contract. 4. Explain the special functions of the heart muscle Muscles are tissues in the body that function as active means of movement and move bones. Muscles are grouped into 3, namely striated muscle or striated muscle, smooth muscle or smooth muscle and cardiac muscle or heart muscle. • Striated muscle is a type of muscle that has alternating dark and light colors and is attached to parts of the skeleton, so this muscle is often called skeletal muscle. Examples of striated muscles are calf muscles, thigh muscles, abdominal muscles and arms. • Smooth muscle is a type of muscle that is in the shape of a spindle where both ends are tapered and the middle part is swollen and forms a layer on organs in the body such as blood vessels, intestinal walls, uterine walls and so on, so that these muscles are often called internal organs muscles. • Cardiac muscle is a type of muscle that forms the heart organ and consists of heart muscle cells, namely cardiomyocytes. In the heart there is a heart muscle which has a main special function, namely undergoing a continuous contraction and relaxation process due to the very high oxygen supply. Meanwhile, smooth muscle does not have this special function, so if the heart muscle is formed from smooth muscle, the contraction and relaxation process will not be optimal. 5. Explain the three types of muscles found in humans Muscles are tissues in the body that function as active means of movement and move bones. Muscles are grouped into 3, namely striated muscle or striated muscle, smooth muscle or smooth muscle and cardiac muscle or heart muscle. • Striated muscle is a type of muscle that has alternating dark and light colors and is attached to parts of the skeleton, so this muscle is often called skeletal muscle. Examples of striated muscles are calf muscles, thigh muscles, abdominal muscles and arms. • Smooth muscle is a type of muscle that is in the shape of a spindle where both ends are tapered and the middle part is swollen and forms a layer on organs in the body such as blood vessels, intestinal walls, uterine walls and so on, so that these muscles are often called internal organs muscles. • Cardiac muscle is a type of muscle that forms the heart organ and consists of heart muscle cells, namely cardiomyocytes. 6. Explain the difference between synergistic muscles and antagonist muscles Muscles are tissues in the body that function as active means of movement and move bones. Muscles are grouped into 3, namely striated muscle or striated muscle, smooth muscle or smooth muscle and cardiac muscle or heart muscle. Based on how they work, muscles are divided into two, namely antagonist muscles and synergistic muscles. • Antagonistic muscles are muscles that work in opposition to each other. • Synergistic muscles are muscles that work not in opposition to each other. The difference between antagonist muscles and synergistic muscles lies in how they work. In antagonistic muscles, if one muscle contracts, the other muscle will relax. If one muscle relaxes, the other muscle will contract. Meanwhile, in synergistic muscles, if one muscle contracts, the other muscles will contract too. If one muscle relaxes, the other muscles will relax too. Examples of antagonist muscles are the biceps and triceps in the upper arm. If the bicep muscle contracts, the tricep muscle will relax, causing the elbow to bend and the forearm to rise and vice versa. Examples of synergistic muscles are the pronator teres and pronator quadratus which cause rotating movements and when they contract the palm of the hand will face down.