Types of Bones in Human

TYPES OF BONES IN HUMAN 1. Explain the three parts of the ear Piercing is something that some people do by inserting a needle to make a small hole in the human body to add jewelry. The ear is a sensory organ in the human body which is responsible for hearing by efficiently capturing and converting sound in the form of mechanical energy into electrical energy which is then transmitted to the human brain. In general, there are 3 parts of the human ear, namely: a. The outer ear is the part of the ear that consists of the earlobe and the ear cavity b. The middle ear, namely the part of the ear that contains an air cavity to maintain pressure so that the air is balanced, consists of the eardrum, Eustachian tube (the tube that connects the oral cavity and the middle ear) and three small bones (male/malleus, anvil/incus, stirrup/ stapes) c. The inner ear is the part of the ear that functions as balance for the body which consists of the semicircular canal which consists of three semicircular canals and the cochlea (cochlea) Ear Piercing is piercing performed on the outer part of the ear, namely the earlobe, for appearance and artistic reasons using sterile tools. 2. Explain the difference between bone and cartilage Bones are passive means of movement that function as support for the shape of the body, as protection for vital organs, such as the heart, brain and lungs, a place for attachment of muscles, a place for the formation of blood cells and a place for storing important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Based on their physical properties, bones are divided into 2, namely cartilage (cartilage) and hard bone (osteon). • Cartilage or what can be called cartilage is bone consisting of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) which can produce chondrin matrix. • Bones are characterized by having hard bone cells, namely osteocytes. Hard bone cells are covered by a hard bone matrix consisting of collagen and mineral matrix. 3. Explain what happens to bones that undergo ossification Ossification is a bone formation process that involves osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are bone formation cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells and osteoclasts are bone cells that function to reabsorb damaged bone. There are two types of ossification, namely, intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intamembranous ossification is the process of forming skull bones and shell bones while endochondral ossification is a bone formation process that involves replacing hyaline cartilage with bone tissue. Intramembranous ossification begins with mesenchymal stem cells (cells that can differentiate) which gather and form osteoblasts. Ocetoblasts will produce osteoid (unmineralized bone) or matrix and mesenchymal stem cells continue to differentiate. The osteoblasts then migrate to the membrane and deposit the bone matrix around them. Osteoblasts surrounded by matrix then differentiate into osteocytes which will harden in a matter of days. In endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is a model for the bone that will be formed. The perichondrium will surround the hyaline cartilage which is infiltrated with blood vessels and osteoblasts and then turns into periosteum during the third month after fertilization. Osteoblasts will gather on the diaphysis wall and form a bone collar. At the same time, the cartilage in the middle of the diaphysis is destroyed. Then Osteoblasts penetrate the destroyed cartilage and replace it with spongy bone. This process forms the primary ossification center. Ossification continues from the center to the ends of the bone. Once spongy bone forms in the diaphysis, osteoclasts break down the newly formed bone to open the medullary cavity. The cartilage in the epiphysis continues to grow so that the bone grows longer. 4. Explain what happens to bones that grow in length Bones are passive means of movement that function as support for the shape of the body, as protection for vital organs such as the heart, brain and lungs, a place for muscle attachment, a place for the formation of blood cells and a place for storing important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Based on their physical properties, bones are divided into 2, namely cartilage (cartilage) and hard bone (osteon). The bone formation process involves osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are bone formation cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells and osteoclasts are bone cells that function to reabsorb damaged bone. Bones will grow in length at the epiphyseal plate in a process similar to endochondral ossification. The cartilage in the epiphyseal plate area will continue to grow by mitosis and the chondrocytes in the area next to the diaphysis then age and degenerate. Osteoblasts will move and harden the matrix to form bone and continue until cartilage growth slows until it stops. In your early 20s, cartilage growth usually stops. By then, the epiphyseal plate has hardened until only a thin epiphyseal line remains. Osteoblasts in the periosteum will form dense bone around the outer bone surface. At the same time, osteoclasts in the endosteum break down bone on the internal bone surfaces, around the medullary cavity. Both processes increase the diameter of the bone but at the same time can keep the bone from being too heavy and large. 5. Explain the forehead bones Bones are passive means of movement that function as support for the shape of the body, as protection for vital organs such as the heart, brain and lungs, a place for muscle attachment, a place for the formation of blood cells and a place for storing important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. The forehead bone is a bone located in the front of the skull, just above the nasal bones and in front of the crown, which functions to support the front and back of the skull. Based on their shape, bones are divided into 4, namely: a. Pipe bones are bones that are shaped like pipes, are hollow, elongated and consist of 3 parts, namely the epiphysis (end of the cartilage), the diaphysis (the middle part of the cartilage), and the epiphysis chakra (found between the epiphysis and diaphysis). Pipe bones are found in the upper arm bones, ulna, knuckles, palms, knuckles, collarbones, thighs, shins, calves, soles of the feet and toes. b. Flat bones are bones that are flat and wide and consist of two plates of compact and spongy bone which contains red marrow. Flat bones are found in the bones that make up the skull and face, chest, ribs and shoulder blades. c. Short bones are bones that are round or short and irregular in shape and have a spongy bone core surrounded by compact bone. Short bones are found in the wrists, ankles and kneecaps. d. Irregular bones are a form of bone that is a combination of various bone shapes composed of spongy and compact bone covered by periosteum. Irregular bones are found in the jawbone and vertebrae.