Types of Tissue Existing in Plants

TYPES OF TISSUE EXISTING IN PLANTS 1. Explain the parts of plants Plants are composed of cells that combine to form tissue. Tissues with interrelated functions will form organs. The organs in plants include roots, leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and seeds. The explanation is as follows: • Roots are organs that are generally found in the soil, their function is to hold plants upright and absorb water and nutrients needed by plants from the soil. Roots have root hairs whose function is to search for water and nutrients underground. Water and nutrients absorbed by the roots will be carried by the xylem tissue to the leaves for the photosynthesis process. • The stem is an organ that functions as a place for attaching leaves and flowers. On the stem there are cracks called lenticels which function as a place for the plant to breathe. • Leaves are organs that function as a place for photosynthesis or making food (in the form of starch). Later, the results of photosynthesis will be carried by a tissue called phloem to all parts of the plant to be shared. • Flowers are the generative reproductive organs of plants, there are pistils as female generative organs and stamens as male generative organs. Later, when male and female sex cells meet, fertilization will occur and seeds will form. These seeds will later be covered by fruit as a food reserve after the seeds are released from the plant. • Seeds are the result of plant reproduction in the form of embryos. Fruit is the continued development of the ovary after fertilization occurs. The fruit will cover the seeds as protection and food reserves. 2. Explain the purpose of plant development using seeds Reproduction in plants has the main aim of increasing plant species to prevent extinction. Plant reproduction is divided into 2, namely vegetative and generative plant reproduction. a. Vegetative reproduction of plants is the reproduction of plants without mating but using parts of the parent's body. There are two types of vegetative plant development, namely, natural vegetative and artificial vegetative. • Natural vegetative reproduction of plants does not occur through marriage, and there is no interference from humans (occurs naturally). Some examples of natural vegetative reproduction, such as spores, layered tubers, stem tubers, root tubers, shoots, adventitious shoots, rhizomes (residential roots), geragih or stolons. • Artificial vegetative reproduction of plants without marriage, but with human intervention. Some examples of artificial vegetative propagation, namely cuttings, grafting or grafting, ducking/cropping, grafting or sticking, grafting or copulation, b. Generative plant reproduction namely the reproduction of plants through the process of fertilization and pollination. Generative reproduction can only occur in plants that have generative reproductive organs, namely pollen and pistil heads. Pollen is the male genital organ while the pistil is the female genital organ in plants. An example of generative reproduction in plants is the process of pollination. The pollination process is the fall or sticking of pollen on the stigma. If the process is successful, pollen will grow. Usually occurs in seed plants. Later the pollen will go to the ovule. In the ovule the fertilization process will occur. Fertilization is the process of fusing pollen with the stigma and producing fruit. c. Factors Helping the Pollination Process • Wind. Examples of plants whose pollination is assisted by wind include corn, wheat and rice. The pollen will be carried by the wind and fly to the stigma. • Water. Examples of plants whose pollination process is assisted by water are algae and hydrilla plants (plants that live in water). • Animal. Examples of animals that can help with pollination are butterflies, bats, birds, bees and beetles. Examples of plants whose pollination process is assisted by animals are jasmine, roses, durian and hibiscus. • Man. Examples of plants whose pollination process is assisted by humans Reproduction by seeds is also called generative reproduction. Generative reproduction can only occur in plants that have generative reproductive organs, namely pollen and pistil heads, which means that only flowers that have two types of sexual organs (perfect flowers) can carry out generative reproduction, flowers that only have one type of sexual organ (flowers). imperfect) cannot reproduce sexually. 3. Explain the meristem tissue in plants Meristem tissue is plant tissue that has cells that can always divide and produce new cells which can then elongate and differentiate (plant maturity) to form plant organs. Meristem tissue allows plants to continue growing throughout their lives, in contrast to most animals which can only grow during certain periods of development. There are two types of meristem tissue, namely apical meristem and lateral meristem. • Apex meristems are generally found at the ends of plants, namely at the roots and at the top of the stem, producing cells that allow the plant to experience primary growth, or an increase in the length of the plant body. Division activity by the apex meristem can produce tissue that makes up the stem and root organs of plants, namely epidermis tissue, cortex tissue, vascular tissue, and in dicotyledonous plants, cambium tissue. • Lateral meristems are tissues that allow plants to experience secondary growth, or increase the thickness of the plant. There are two types of lateral meristems: - vascular cambium which functions to produce xylem and phloem vascular cells and tissue - cork cambium which functions to produce a stronger and thicker periderm in woody plants instead of the epidermis. Meristem tissue is plant tissue that can continuously divide and produce new plant cells. These new cells then form new tissues, which cause growth in the plant body. The apical meristem increases the height of the plant body, while the lateral meristem increases the diameter of the plant stem. Permanent/adult tissue is plant cells that originate from the division of meristem cells and have undergone changes in shape to suit their function (differentiation). Adult tissue is no longer meristematic (its constituent cells can no longer divide) so it is called permanent tissue. Permanent/adult tissue in plants functions include: 1) Epidermal tissue, namely the outermost tissue, functions to protect the tissue within it. 2) Palisade parenchyma tissue as a site for photosynthesis. 3) Sponge parenchyma tissue, apart from being a place for photosynthesis, is also a place to store the results of photosynthesis. 4. Explain the differences in structure of dicot plants and monocot plants Dicot and monocot plants have several differences in their structure, namely: 1) Seed chips Monocot plants have 1 cotyledon, while dicot plants have 2 cotyledons. 2) Root The roots of monocot plants have a fibrous root type, while dicot plants have a tap root type. 3) Stem The stems of monocot plants do not have cambium, while dicot plants have cambium so they are woody and the vascular bundles are arranged concentrically 4) Leaf bones The leaves of monocot plants have parallel or curved veins, while dicot plants have pinnate or finger veins. 5) Flowers Monocot plants have flower crowns in multiples of three, while dicot plants have flower crowns in multiples of 4, 5, or multiples thereof. The stems of dicotyledonous plants are woody and the trunk circumference can increase. As for the stems of monocot plants, they are not woody and the stem circumference does not increase, this difference is due to the presence or absence of cambium tissue in both of them. The cambium is a layer of meristematic tissue in plants where the cells actively divide and is responsible for the secondary growth of plants. Cambium is usually found in stems and roots. Cambium is only found in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms. Based on the permanent tissue it forms, cambium is grouped into two, namely cork cambium and vascular cambium. - Cork cambium is a part of the cortex. Its function is to produce cork tissue (phellem, phellem or cork) outwards. Towards the inside, the cork cambium in several plant species functions to produce a layer of corky skin called phelloderm. - Vascular cambium, to the inside, the cambium will form wood vessels (xylem) and to the outside, the cambium forms sieve vessels (phloem). 5. Explain the characteristics and functions of collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue Plants are composed of several types of tissue, namely epidermal tissue, ground tissue, reinforcing/supporting tissue, and transport tissue. Strengthening or supporting tissue in plants consists of collenchyma tissue and sclerenchyma tissue. Supporting tissue is tissue that plays a role in supporting the shape of the plant so that it can stand firmly. It is also called reinforcing tissue because it has thick and strong cell walls and cells that have undergone specialization. a. Collenchyma Tissue Collenchyma is found in young plant organs. This tissue will often be found in the stems of nonwoody plants. Characteristics of collenchyma tissue: - Collenchyma is composed of living cells with active protoplasm - Elongated shape - Has uneven wall thickening • Function: - Gives temporary strength to young plants - Keep plants standing upright b. Sclerenchymal Tissue Sclerenchyma tissue can be found in wood fibers in the stems and roots of woody trees. The dry, dry skin of coconuts also contains sclerenchyma tissue. Characteristics of sclerenchyma tissue: - Composed of dead cells - All parts of the wall have thickened so they are strong - Composed of cells that have thick and even wall thickness • Function: - As a permanent reinforcement for old plant organs. - Provides structural strength to woody plants, - Sclerenchyma cells are grouped into two forms, namely fibers and sclereids. The shape of the fiber tissue cells has the characteristic that they are shaped like fibers. The sclereid cells are relatively round, and form woody lumps inside plant organs.