European History Religious Wars Between Catholics and Protestants

University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
HIST 111 | World History Since 1500
Academic year:

2022
Views:

97

Pages:

3
Author:

Lance Gutierrez

Religious Wars between Catholics and Protestants Switzerland ● Civil War- each canton(region) chooses its religion ○ Battle of Kappel 1531- Zwingli dies ■ Catholics finally defeat the Protestants Germany ● Germany ( Holy Roman Empire) splits between Catholic and Lutheran states ● Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor ○ Tries to force all states to be Catholic ● Lutheran states form a League and rebel against the Emperor ○ War results ○ 1555- Peace of Augsburg- Each Prince can choose its state to be either Catholic or Protestant The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) ● Between Protestant states and Catholics led by the Emperor ● Starts with Defenestration of Prague ( in Bohemia) ○ Rebels in city of Prague = throws the ministers of the Emperor out of the window and elect a Protestant King ● Catholics winning at first ○ Battle of the White Mountain 1620 - rebels in Bohemia crushed ● But France sides with the Protestant states ○ Exhausted Catholics give up Siege of Magdeburg 1630-1631 ● 30% - 50% of Germany died ● First examples of ‘total war’ ( everyone is involved) Netherlands (ruled by Spain) ● 80 years war (1566-1648) = revolt against Spain ● Protestant North Netherlands vs. Catholic South The Treaty of Westphalia 1648 ● Ends the 30 and 80 years war ● Each state in the Holy Roman Empire can choose to be either Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist and must tolerate other religions ● The Netherlands become an independent Protestant Country but tolerate Catholics Sovereign Nation State= fixed borders, independent from other states, no other states can decide what happens inside it French Wars of Religion 1567-1598 ● Civil War between Catholic nobles and Hugernots(Calvinists) under Henry of Navarre ● 1572- St. Barthelemy Massacre = Catholics across Europe kills 10-13 thousand Huguenots ● Henry of Navarre becomes King Henry IV of France ● Edict of Nantes 1598- Catholics and Huguenots both tolerated The English Civil War ● Charles I of England Persecutes Puritans ○ Flee to America ● Puritans in Parliament rebel against Charles I of England under Oliver Cromwell(1642) ○ Makes a New Model Army (trained, professional;) to defeat Charles ○ Wins at Battle of Naseby (1645) ● Charles captured and executed in 1649 ● England becomes a commonwealth under Cromwell until he dies and Charles II takes the throne Effects of the Religious wars ● Catholics and Protestants get so sick of killing each other ● All of the disagreements and war between religions makes people confused about what the truth is and disgusted with religion in general Meanwhile Catholics defend Europe from the Ottoman Turks Ottomans dominate Europe ● 1526 - Battle of Mohacs- Ottomans take Hungary ● Ottomans dominate the sea until the ○ Siege of Malta- 1565- Knights Hospitaller defend island of Malta against 40,000 Turks ○ The Battle of Lepanto 1571- allied Christian navy defeats Ottoman s in largest naval battle since ancient times ○ These two battles break Ottoman domination of Mediterranean