AP World History Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization: 12%-15% of AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900 Nationalist Motives for Imperialism ° With a strong sense of identity and loyalty to a state, many world powers boldly asserted authority over other territories. ° After losing its American colonies, Britain looked for new lands to open to settlement. ° France compensated for its humiliating defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War by expanding its overseas territories ° Italy and Germany were newly unified states in the late-19th century. Each wanted colonies not only for economic and strategic reasons but also for prestige. ° Japan in East Asia Japan asserted its nationalist pride through incursions into Korea. Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism ° The attitudes of whites toward others were a form of racism. Colonial powers generally believed that they were inherently superior to those they subjugated. Pseudoscientists claimed to have proof of the intellectual and physical inferiority of nonwhite races. ° Some thinkers adapted Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, creating the theory known as Social Darwinism ° Colonizers introduced their own language, political, educational, and religious institutions and exerted other cultural influences on architecture and recreational activities in their colonies. ° Missionaries supported imperialism by persuading people to give up their traditional beliefs, such as ancestor veneration, and adopt the faith of most Europeans, Christianity. Economic Motives for Imperialism ° Seeking ways to maximize profits, companies chartered by the British, French, and Dutch governments signed commercial treaties with local rulers in India, East Africa, and the East Indies. These treaties gave the Europeans the right to establish trading posts and ports to protect their interests. ° After the Industrial Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, Britain was the leading economic power throughout the first half of the 19th century and already had a sizable colonial empire. As the Second Industrial Revolution progressed, other nations began to challenge Britain’s economic lead. TOPIC 6.2 State Expansions from 1750 to 1900 The Scramble for Africa ° Otto von Bismarck of Germany hosted the Berlin Conference, a meeting where Europeans established colonial borders that were merely artificial lines that meant little to the people who lived within them. ° New borders divided long-unified societies into different colonies and united longtime rival groups into the same colonies. ° The British and Afrikaners fought over land. This conflict came to a boil in the Boer Wars. In the end, the British army drove the Afrikaners and the Africans from their lands ° By 1900, the only African countries unclaimed by Europeans were Abyssinia (modernday Ethiopia) and Liberia. Imperialism in East Asia ° European nations carved out spheres of influence within China over which they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources ° Between 1899 and 1901, an anti-imperialist group called the Boxers was attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries ° The Empress Dowager Cixi encouraged the Boxers and in 1900 ordered that all foreigners be killed. However, most of the estimated 100,000 people who were killed were Chinese Christians. U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific ° In 1823, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere. ° White Americans believed that they had a Manifest Destiny—a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean. ° The U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War in 1898 brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control. ° The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated “instability,” the United States would intervene. TOPIC 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900 Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas ° The British issued the Proclamation of 1763. This act reserved all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans. However, after winning independence, citizens of the new United States soon overran the Ohio and Illinois river valleys. ° After the discovery of gold in 1829 on Cherokee land in Georgia, attempts to force the Cherokee off their land began. ° After Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American tribes were forced to relocate to what is now Oklahoma. ° A Native American resistance movement, known as the Ghost Dance, resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, marking the end of the Indian Wars and a loss for the Natives. Southeast Asian Resistance ° In 1596 several revolts broke out in provinces around Manila, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution. o The Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, and after a decisive American victory in the Battle of Manila Bay, exiled Filipino revolutionaries returned.. o The Treaty of Paris merely transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. o Hostilities had broken out in what was to be known as the Philippine-American War. The war ended in a U.S. victory in 1902 TOPIC 6.4 Global Economic Developments from 1750 to 1900 Technological Developments ° The introduction of railroads lowered the cost of transporting raw materials for shipment and helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods. ° Railroad technology was a means of extracting as many resources as possible from subject lands while paying colonial laborers as little as possible. ° After the development of more efficient steam engines in 1870, steamships became practical for long distances. ° Invented in 1832, the electric telegraph transformed communications. Instead of taking days, weeks, or even months, news could travel instantaneously. Agricultural Products and Raw Materials ° Under control of imperialist powers, subsistence farmers abandoned their traditional ways and grew cash crops instead ° Guano, bat, and seabird excrement is rich in nitrates and phosphates. These make it an excellent natural fertilizer. ° Britain’s Parliament banned Indian cotton textiles in 1721 because they competed with the native wool industry ° Rubber was used to produce tires for bicycles (and eventually automobiles), hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, and shoe soles among other items. ° The machinery in Europe’s factories required constant lubrication to keep it working, creating a demand for palm oil, which was also used for candle making. ° The tusks of elephants provide the product ivory. lt was used primarily for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carvings. Global Consequences ° Industrialization was accompanied by the need to find raw materials that could be turned into finished products to be sold globally—often bought with the profits from raw materials. ° As urban populations grew, the demand for food was increasingly met by imports made possible by new technology such as refrigeration. ° Farmers were allowed to raise only cash crops, such as sugar, cocoa, or groundnuts, at the expense of other agricultural products. TOPIC 6.5 Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900 Economic Imperialism in Asia ° The English East India Company formed in 1600 to engage in the lucrative spice trade. However, the company soon ran into opposition from the Dutch ° The Dutch East India Company had a monopoly on trade with the Dutch East Indies in present-day Indonesia, where the Spice Islands were located. ° In 1830, the Dutch government introduced the Culture System, which forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing corvée labor, compulsory unpaid work. ° Chinese goods such as porcelain, silk, and tea were in great demand in Great Britain. However, the Chinese were not interested in British goods, and in this trade imbalance, British silver reserves became very low. ° Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States sought the same trading privileges that Britain attained after winning the Opium Wars. By the end of the century, these nations began forcing China to give them exclusive trading rights in areas known as spheres of influence. Imperial Exploitation of Colonial Crops Commodity Opium Imperial States Great Britain Origin of Commodity Middle East or South Asia Consequences • Opium addiction weakened many people in China. • China’s economy weakened as massive amounts of silver went to Britain to pay for opium. Cotton Great Britain and other European countries South Asia. Egypt, Sudan • Cotton became central to the global slave economy. • Food supplies declined as farmers switched to growing only cotton. Palm Oil All Industrialized countries in Europe Sub-Saharan Africa • European states created and controlled a monocrop economy. while local populations did not profit from the industry. ° European powers met native resistance with brutal retaliation. • Imperial states created railroads and pathways to transport goods back to Europe. TOPIC 6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World Migration through Labor Systems ° Indian laborers migrated to British colonies in the Caribbean, South Africa, East Africa, and Fiji. ° Chinese laborers migrated to California and British Malaya to build railroads and serve as farmhands, gardeners, and domestics. ° Japanese laborers migrated to Hawaii, Peru, and Cuba to work on sugar plantations. ° Many people became indentured as a way to pay for their transportation from a desperately poor community to one with more opportunity. ° Many Chinese and Indian workers were an early substitute for the slave trade. They were forced or tricked into servitude. Britain first tried this form of labor after ending the slave trade in 1806. Migration in the Face of Challenges ° Poverty was the principal reason that drove Indians to leave the subcontinent. In 1833, the British began sending Indians to Mauritius as indentured laborers to replace slaves on the sugar plantations. ° The Chinese diaspora did not begin in earnest until the middle of the 19th century, with the gold rushes in California, South Australia, and western Canada. ° People emigrated from Ireland for many reasons. Some left when Ireland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Others left because of religious discrimination from their British rulers. ° The first wave of Italian emigration began with the unification of Italy in 1561 and continued until 1900. More than 7 million people left Italy during those four decades. TOPIC 6.7 Effects of Migration Effects of Migration on Receiving Societies ° Ethnic enclaves, clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country, formed in many major cities of the world. ° Chinese enclaves: o The Chinese who migrated to Southeast Asia thrived under colonial rule. o Chinese immigrants first came to the United States in large numbers during the height of the California gold rush. ° Indian enclaves: o Many Indians went to Mauritius, islands off the southeast coast of Africa, and Natal a colony that is today part of South Africa, as indentured servants on sugar plantations o Both Hindus and Muslims emigrated from India to South Africa. The Hindus brought with them their caste system and the social laws that stem from it, but they soon abandoned the caste system. o Indian traders settled in many countries where there were indentured laborers. Prejudice and Regulation of Immigration ° The California constitution of 1879 included several provisions that discriminated against the Chinese: o It prohibited the state, counties, municipalities, and public works from hiring Chinese workers. o It prevented them, and others who were not considered white, from becoming citizens on the grounds that they were “dangerous to the well-being of the State." o It encouraged cities and towns either to remove Chinese residents from within their limits or to segregate them in certain areas.