AP World History Unit 9 Globalization

Unit 9: Globalization: 8%-10% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 9.1 Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900 The Green Revolution ° In the mid-20th century, the Green Revolution emerged as a possible long-time response to hunger. ° Scientists developed new varieties of wheat, rice, and other grains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought. ° More recently, scientists have used genetic engineering—manipulating a cell or organism to change its basic characteristics. ° Many small farmers could not afford the new fertilizers or pesticides. For this reason, they were unable to compete with large landowners. Energy Technologies ° In 1900, coal accounted for about half of the global energy consumed. As extraction, refinement, and transportation technologies allowed for widespread use, petroleum, also known as crude oil, and natural gas joined coal in fueling industrial output and helped increase productivity. ° Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are nonrenewable resources. ° Fossil fuels have contributed to air pollution and to the cloak of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide ° Technologies continue to be developed to combat the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as minimize harm from nuclear power. Medical Innovations ° In 1928, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. Penicillin became the first antibiotic, a useful agent in curing bacterial infections. ° During World War 11, antibiotics saved the lives of soldiers who would have died in any previous war from a minor wound that became infected. ° After the war. antibiotics spread to civilian use, where they fought a range of illnesses. TOPIC 9.2 Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease ° Progress in science and medicine, combined with government-run public health measures, drastically reduced illnesses and deaths from many diseases after 1900. These included pandemics, epidemic diseases that spread across national borders. ° Smallpox had been eliminated from the planet, except for the culture kept alive at the Centers for Disease Control in the United States. ° Other diseases persisted, especially those related to poverty, including malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera. ° New epidemics also emerged, such as flu, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola. Disease and Poverty ° Malaria: A parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas, malaria killed more than 600,000 people each year in the early 2lst century. ° Tuberculosis: Another disease associated with poverty is tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infection that spreads through coughs and sneezes and affects the lungs. A cure was developed involving antibiotics and a long period of rest. ° Cholera: A bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water and causes about 95,000 deaths per year. Like tuberculosis and malaria, cholera affects mainly poor people in developing countries. TOPIC 9.3 Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900 ° During the 20th and 21st centuries, human agricultural, industrial, and other commercial activity contributed to many environmental changes that led to increased competition for increasingly scarce resources. These problems include: o Deforestation: the loss of Earth’s trees as a result of cutting down trees so the land could be used for agriculture o Desertification: the removal of the natural vegetation cover through expansions and intensive use of agricultural lands arid and semi-arid land o A decline in air quality as a result of increased pollutants in the air o Increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water Causes of Environmental Changes ° Population Growth: In 1900, the world population was 1.6 billion. By 1950 it had risen to 2.55 billion, and by 2000 the population was 6.12 billion. ° Urbanization: Another cause of environmental change is the increasing size and number of cities. ° Globalization and Industrialization: As industry spread to developing countries, energy and other natural resources used in manufacturing were in demand, drawing further on the reserves of resources. Effects of Environmental Changes ° With the rapidly growing urban and industrial population, some experts predict oil could be used up at a fast rate, within the next 30 to 40 years. ° While supplies of coal will last longer, if coal is used to make up for the loss of petroleum, coal reserves could also be depleted in 60 years. ° According to the United Nations, 31 countries are facing water scarcity and morc than 1 billion people lack clean, accessible drinking water. ° Factories, automobiles, airplanes, and many other products and processes of’ industrialization have emitted huge amounts of pollutants, including carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases TOPIC 9.4 Economics in the Global Age Acceleration of Free-Market Economies ° India and other countries that had been non-aligned during the Cold War relaxed restrictions on trade in the l990s. This opening up of a country’s economy is called economic liberalization. ° In Chile in 1973, Augusto Pinochet took power in a U.S.-backed coup against a democratically elected socialist government led by Salvador Allende. During his rule, the Chilean economy took a turn away from state control toward a free-market approach. ° In 198l, Deng Xiaoping became the Chinese leader. Under him, the Communist Party backed away from its commitment to economic equality and more actively promoted economic growth. Economic Change: New Knowledge Economies ° In the late 1900s, revolutions in information and communications technology led some countries to undertake a new kind of economy—the knowledge economy. ° Finland, for example, had been an agrarian economy in the 1950s but followed other European countries in industrializing after World War II. In the 1990s, Finland turned a corner by entering the global marketplace, encouraging competition, and establishing the Science and Technology Policy Council to set a direction of economic growth through technology and innovation. ° Japan followed a somewhat different path. After World War 11, Japan implemented economic policies similar to 18th-century mercantilist policies that were designed to increase exports and decrease imports, as well as policies to boost competitiveness. Transnational Free-Trade Organizations ° Many countries signed an international accord, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which lifted restrictive barriers to trade. ° In 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) took over GATT’s operations. The WTO made rules that governed more than 90 percent of all international trade. ° A multinational corporation is one that is legally incorporated in one country but that makes or sells goods or services in one or more other countries. The joint-stock companies of the Commercial Revolution, such as the British East India Company and Dutch East India Company were the earliest examples of multinational corporations. TOPIC 9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900 Steps toward Racial Equality ° In the United States, African Americans won major victories against discrimination and segregation. Through the 1965 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color. religion. sex, or national origin, and the 1961 Voting Rights Act, which banned discrimination in voting, the federal government stepped in to protect the rights of all citizens. ° South Africa’s Colonial Legacy South Africa’s system of apartheid, instituted in 1948, enforced the segregation of people based on race. The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the de Klerk government. Steps toward Gender Equality Landmark Events in Global Feminism after 1900 Date Event Highlight March 1911 First International Women’s Day Celebration April 1915 Meeting of First International Congress of Women United Nations First World Conference on Women June 1975 December 1979 September 1995 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Meeting of Fourth International Congress of Women One million demonstrators in Austria, Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland stand for women’s rights Representatives from 12 nations. Including the United States, attended. Representatives from 133 nations met in Mexico City and planned for the advancement of women over the next decade. An “international bill of rights for women" adopted by United Nations Thousands of participants and activists met in Beijing, China, where then-First Lady Hillary Clinton declared that “women’s rights are human rights." TOPIC 9.6 Globalized Culture After 1900 Political, Social, and Artistic Changes ° Political Changes: After the Cold War, both economic and cultural barriers fell, bringing countries closer together. Nations formed cooperative regional organizations such as the European Union and NAFTA as well as global associations such as the United Nations for conflict resolution and the World Trade Organization to regulate international trade. ° Social Changes: International organizations and collaboration brought people of different cultures into closer contact with one another, just as international exchanges had done in the past. Rights movements—civil rights and women’s rights especially—helped bring formerly marginalized voices into the mainstream conversation. ° Artistic Changes: Cubism, a style Picasso used in his famous painting “Guernica," challenged traditional perspective in the visual arts. Atonal music such as that composed by Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) explored musical expression outside of familiar tonalities, to name just a few examples. Jazz emerged and became an international language. Global Consumer and Popular Culture ° In the 1920s, popular culture— the culture of everyday people rather than the educated elite—expressed itself through new media: radio and motion pictures. ° Radio, movies, and later television created a culture shared throughout a nation, and eventually throughout the world. ° Radio provided a variety of programs, from easy-going comedies to music hours featuring the latest in big band entertainment, and during World War 2 it played a vital role in national defense in most industrialized nations. ° Movies provided relief from the anxieties and pressures of the Great Depression while reflecting it in its themes. Charlie Chaplin’s “Little Tramp” character of silent movies epitomized the down and out. TOPIC 9.7 Resistance to Globalization After 1900 Resisting Globalization ° Much of the chocolate that consumers bought in the early 21st century had its origins in child labor in West Africa. ° Working conditions in Western nations could also be harsh. In 2019, employees of’ Amazon’s warehouses described such intense pressure to fulfill orders that workers risked being fired if they took a bathroom break. ° In 2013, the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory, an eight-story building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, shocked the world. More than 1,000 people died and another 2,500 suffered injuries. ° Critics of globalization pointed out that the fuel involved in shipping products increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the environment, thus worsening the climate emergency. ° Many conservative groups also distrust globalization. In 2016, 52 percent of British voters agreed to leave the European Union, an international political and economic organization of 28 countries. This British exit was nicknamed Brexit. Anti-Globalism ° The anti-globalization movement has grown into a social movement as well. Its followers tend to focus on these issues: o Human rights, which are basic freedoms that every person has, such as freedom from slavery and freedom to express opinions o Fair trade, which is a system that ensures the person who provided the good or service receives a reasonable payment for it o Sustainable development, which means business ventures that allow people and companies to make a profit without preventing future generations from meeting their own needs o Debt relief or debt restructuring so that countries that owe huge sums to the IMF do not have to risk economic breakdown