AP World History Unit 3 Land-Based Empires

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires: 12%-15% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 3.1 Empires Expand The Gunpowder Empires ° The term Gunpowder Empires refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories, ° Included the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires. Europe ° The mid-1400s saw the end of a wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, and the invention of the Gutenberg printing press followed by an increase in literacy. Russia ° Russia remained tightly linked to Europe. Its capital—whether Kiev, St. Petersburg, or Moscow—was located in Europe. ° Although a product of Mongol influence from Central Asia to the east, Russia was also a product of Europe as a result of Viking invasions and trading. ° When Ivan IV (ruled 1547—1584), called Ivan the Terrible, was crowned tsar in 1547, he immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward East Asia ° China’s Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongol invader Kublai Khan in 1271, was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368 after less than a century in power. ° During the Ming era, the Portuguese and other Europeans arrived, aiming to encroach on the Asian trade network. ° In 1644, the powerful Manchu from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing Dynasty, which ruled until 1911. ° During both of these dynasties, Japan and Korea experienced parallel developments but with unique aspects. Rise of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires ° The warrior leaders of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires shared many traits besides being Muslims: o They descended from Turkic nomads who once lived in Central Asia. o They spoke a Turkic language. o They took advantage of power vacuums left by the breakup of Mongol khanates. o They relied on gunpowder weapons, such as artillery and cannons. TOPIC 3.2 Empires: Administration Centralizing Control in Europe ° England’s King James believed in the divine right of kings, a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God. ° In England, the Tudors (ruled 1485—1603) relied on the “justices of the peace”, which were officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the counties of England. ° In contrast to developments in England, the French government became more absolute— directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority—in the 17th and 18th centuries. (EX: Henry IV, Louis VIII, Louis XIV) Reigning in Control of the Russian Empire ° The noble landowning class, the boyars, stood at the top of the social pyramid. Below them were the merchants. Last and most numerous were the peasants, who would gradually sink more and more deeply into debt and, as a result, into serfdom. ° Peter the Great: The Romanov Dynasty took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil following Ivan’s death in 1584. o Peter would eventually lose the support of the Russian clergy over his reforms. o Later in his reign, Peter reorganized the Russian government by creating provinces (first 8 and later 50 administrative divisions). o Provincial officials received a salary, replacing the old system of local officials “feeding off the land” Legitimizing Power through Religion and Art ° St. Petersburg: In the mid-18th century, workers built the famous Winter Palace designed in a European rather than Byzantine style to show Peter’s admiration of western Europe and its rulers. ° Askia the Great of Songhai: Askia made Islam Songhai’s official religion in an attempt to unite his empire. In addition to legitimizing his rule through promoting Islam, he also supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together. Ottoman Architectural and Artistic Achievements ° Istanbul remained a center of arts and learning. ° Poets and scholars from across Asia met in coffeehouses and gardens. They discussed works by Aristotle and other Greek writers, as well as the works of many Arabic scholars. ° Cultural contributions of the Ottomans included the restoration of some of the glorious buildings of Constantinople, most notably the cathedral of Saint Sophia. TOPIC 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems Protestant Reformation ° Lutheranism: A German monk named Martin Luther concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings. o He objected to the sale of indulgences, which granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin, and to simony, the selling of church offices. o Luther challenged the Church by nailing his 95 Theses, to a church door. o Luther advocated for the theological stance of “sola fide,” faith alone, for the basis of salvation for the Christian believer. ° Calvinism: In 1536, John Calvin authored The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland. o The elect, those predestined to go to heaven, ran the community, which was based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church. o Calvin’s followers in France were called Huguenots. ° Anglicanism: The last of the three major figures of the Reformation was England’s King Henry VIII (ruled 1509-1547). o Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry another woman, Anne Boleyn, but the pope refused. o Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, set himself up as head of the new Church of England, or Anglican Church—one that would be free of control by the pope in Rome. Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation ° A three part strategy to maintain Catholicism as the largest Christian denomination in the world: o The Church increased the use of the Inquisition to root out and punish nonbelievers. o The Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, also opposed the spread of Protestantism. The Jesuits undertook missionary activity throughout the Spanish Empire as well as in Japan and India. o The Council of Trent (1545—1563) corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals and improving the education of priests. Wars of Religion ° Germany: Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. As a result, churches and inhabitants were forced to practice the state religion. ° France: Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. The edict provided religious toleration in France ° Thirty Years’ War: The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe culminated in the Thirty Years’ War (1618—1648), which led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent. o The war culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. Scientific Revolution ° In the early 1600s, scientific thinking gained popularity in northern Europe as trends in Renaissance ideas, curiosity, investigation, and discovery spread. ° In 1620, English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis. ° Sir Isaac Newton, combining Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, published a work on gravitational force called Principia (1687). TOPIC 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires Military Might ° Both the Ottoman sultan and Safavid shah used slave soldiers to offset the power of troops who had more loyalty to their tribe or local governor than to the sultan or shah. ° Both the Janissaries and the Ghulams were often recruited from minority religious or ethnic groups found within the empires. ° The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire went to war over the territorial claims each had at its border. Centralized Bureaucracy ° Ottoman Empire: placed taxes on non-Muslims and on peasants ° Safavid Empire: taxation policies were used to encourage adherence to Shi’a ° Mughal Empire: placed taxes on unbelievers were abolished by Akbar but reinstalled later: also placed taxes on peasants ° The Ming Empire: issued paper currency as a means to facilitate trade and tax collection; however the use of paper money led to rampant counterfeiting and hyperinflation