AP World History Unit 4 Transoceanic Interconnections

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections: 12%-15% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450) TOPIC 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 to 1750 Developments of Transoceanic Travel and Trade ° The voyages by Columbus connected people across the Atlantic Ocean. European traders became go-betweens linking Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. o From the Americas, they obtained sugar, tobacco, and rum. o From Africa, they obtained enslaved people. o From Asia, they obtained silk spices and rhubarb. Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology ° Portuguese ruler Prince Henry the Navigator strongly supported exploration. He financed expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope. ° Newton’s discovery of gravitation increased knowledge of the tides. As a result, sailors could reliably predict when the depth of water near a shore would be decreasing, thereby exposing dangerous rocks. ° Improvements in cartography also improved navigation. An astronomical chart is any map of the stars and galaxies. Mariners relied on these maps to Guide ships’ direction. ° New types of ships also improved trades. By adjusting the ratio of length to width of a ship, adding or reducing the number of masts, and using different types of sails, builders could adapt ships to improve their efficiency. ° The long-term result of combining navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world was a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade TOPIC 4.2 Explorations: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750 Comparing Transoceanic Voyages, c. 1300—c. 1800 Sponsoring Empire Explorer Key Voyages China Zheng He • India • Middle East • Africa England John Cabot • North America Portugal Vasco da Gama • West coast of Africa • India Spain Christopher Columbus • Caribbean islands • Central America Spain Ferdinand Magellan • South America • Philippines Purpose Impact To open up trade networks with India, Arabia, and Africa and to spread Chinese culture China decided not to continue exploring To find a sea route to the East by going west from Europe Claimed land in Canada for Britain and established a shorter, more northerly route across the Atlantic than Columbus's route. To open a sea route from Europe to India and China Portugal expanded trade and cultural exchange between India and Europe To find a sea route to India and China going west from Europe Spain led the European exploration and colonization of the Americas To demonstrate that Europeans could reach Asia by sailing west Spain established links between the Americas and Asia across the Pacific Ocean TOPIC 4.3 Columbian Exchange Diseases and Population Catastrophe ° The indigenous people of the Americas had no prior exposure—and therefore no immunity—to the germs and diseases brought by Europeans. ° Disease was responsible for the majority of deaths. ° Spanish soldiers, called conquistadores, brought smallpox with them Animals and Foods ° Another major component of the exchange was the sharing of new crops and livestock in both directions. ° The Europeans brought the horse to the Americas which transformed the culture of the American Indians living in the Plains region. ° European explorers took back Mesoamerican maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao to their home countries Cash Crops and Forced Labor ° Slavery Sugar’s profitability in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captured and sold through the transatlantic slave trade. Portuguese began to import enslaved people from Africa, especially from the Kongo Kingdom and cities on the Swahili coast, for sugar cultivation. ° Slaves often died from backbreaking working conditions, poor nutrition, lack of adequate shelter, tropical heat, and diseases. ° The Spanish noticed Portugal’s success with plantation agriculture and returned to the Caribbean to pursue cash crop cultivation, such as sugar and tobacco. TOPIC 4.4 Maritime Empires Established State-Building and Empire Expansion ° African States: In central West Africa, Portuguese explorers, traders, and missionaries made inroads into the Kongo and Benin kingdoms. ° In 1495, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama invaded the Swahili city-states of East Africa, most of which were commercial centers in the Indian Ocean trade. ° Japan: Just as European states were expanding their trade networks, Japan was sharply restricting its networks. Japan took additional steps to persecute Christians and limit foreign influences. ° China: After the voyages of Zheng He in the 15th century, the Ming Dynasty tried to limit outside influence on China by restricting trade. European Rivalries on Five Continents ° The British East India Company had begun a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire in the 17th century. ° Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in the southwestern state of Goa. ° France controlled Pondicherry, a city in the southeastern state of Tamil Nadu. ° The East India Company moved into India, spreading its influence. Ultimately, Britain intervened in India politically and militarily to such an extent that it controlled much of the subcontinent. Continuity and Change in Economic Systems ° The Western European search for profit began with Columbus. ° In the early 1500s, the Spanish established a system called the encomienda to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas. o Encomenderos, or landowners, compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter ° The silver trade not only made individual Spanish prospectors wealthy, it also strengthened the Spanish economy. ° European powers at the time were adopting mercantilism, an economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies Types of Labor ° Slave labor: Slaves were considered property and were put into domestic and agricultural work (Americas and Africa) ° Serfdom: Serfs were attached to the land and worked for their landlord in subsistence farming (Europe and Asia) ° Indentured Servants: Worked without pay for up to 7 years in domestic work and field work ° Free Peasants: Worked on their own land in farming or craft labor, making payments to the lord and the church TOPIC 4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed Commercial Revolution ° The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver is known as the Commercial Revolution. ° The Commercial Revolution from four key factors: o the development of European colonies overseas o the opening of new ocean trade routes o population growth o inflation ° The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices in the l6th and early l7th century, is called the Price Revolution. ° The Dutch East India Company was highly successful as a joint-stock company. It made large profits in the Spice Islands and Southeast Asia. Triangular Trade Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade ° The Atlantic slave trade greatly weakened several West African kingdoms, such as Kongo. ° The loss of so many people slowed population growth. ° Trade competition led to violence among their societies. ° African societies that conducted slave raids, such as the Dahomey and the Oyo, became richer from selling their captives to the Europeans. ° African slave-raiding kingdoms became economically dependent on goods from Europe. ° While the Atlantic trading system weakened Africa in many ways, it also ultimately spurred population growth through an improved diet. TOPIC 4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750 Internal And External Challenges to State Power Portugal • Dutch and English pushed Portugal out of South Asia (external) • Rebellion in Kongo allied with Dutch (external) France • Fronde - civil disturbances against royal power (internal) Russia • Cossack rebellion (internal) • South Asia Pugachev rebellion (internal) • Hindu Marathas ended Mughal rule (internal) Spanish Empire • Pueblo and Apache groups rebelled in present-day New Mexico (internal to the colonies) British Empire • Maroon wars (internal to the colonies) • Gloucester County • Rebellion (internal to the colonies) Metacom’s War (internal to the colonies) • Glorious Revolution (internal) TOPIC 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750 Social Classes and Minorities in Gunpowder Empires ° The Ottoman social system was built around a warrior aristocracy that soon began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy with the ulama, who were scholars and experts in Islamic law. ° One reason for the success of the Ottoman Empire was its relative tolerance toward Jews and Christians ° Merchants and artisans formed a small middle class in the empire. Below the middle class were the peasants. who were usually poor—particularly because they had to pay tribute to the government European Hierarchies ° In Europe the top level was royalty—members of a royal family. ° The aristocracy or nobility was the next highest level. o The nobility made up a small minority of the population but owned most of the land. o In the Netherlands and England, the nobility held power and took an active part in the government. o In England, large landowners controlled Parliament. o Nobles struggled for power with royalty, the emerging middle class of merchants and skilled workers, priests, and the common people. ° Under the influence of the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment, prejudices against Jews declined somewhat Political and Economic Elites in the Americas TOPIC 4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750 Transoceanic Travel and Trade ° The most significant change to the global economy in this period was the integration of the Western Hemisphere into the global trading network. ° Technologies used to make sea travel easier o astronomical charts o astrolabe o compass o magnetic compass o lateen sail ° The Columbian Exchange also caused the development of a transoceanic trading network called the Atlantic System. ° The Atlantic System was made up of the regions of Western Europe, Western Africa, and the Americas and involved the movement of goods and people among those regions. Economic Changes ° Europeans established trading ports and cities along the coasts of Africa and the Indian Ocean. ° One consequence of this contact and conflict was that Europeans came to dominate global trade at the expense of Arab, Indian. and Chinese merchants ° European monarchs devised mercantilist economic policies that would provide the ruler with a steady stream of income.