World Civilizations Summary

How culture impacted the Cold War and was impacted by the Cold War ❏ The Cold War affected the American social and cultural life -> from the civil rights movement to survivalism, from Hollywood to the universities ❏ The growing distrust of the government by both liberals and conservatives was from the nuclear threat as well as the Communist menace lurking behind it, brought the National Defense Education Act and the interstate highway system ❏ Cold War left its mark on activities ranging from art and poetry to movies and comic books ❏ Sports events became particularly prominent venues for rivalry, beginning with the London Olympics in 1948 and peaking every fourth year thereafter ❏ Visiting artists, traveling exhibitions, and other cultural exchanges, both formal and informal, sometimes helped ease Cold War tensions. ❏ You can win a war with poetry ❏ Book: The Master and Margarita ❏ Mikhail Bulgakov ❏ One line referenced to Soviet censorship of books, about how ideas cannot be destroyed ❏ Compete for ideas on how to govern (build economics) ❏ 1950: CIA launched Congress for Cultural Freedom ❏ West Berlin: response to a series of soviet organized workshops and meetings around the world for communists ❏ Purpose: exploit any seeds of anti-communists\ ❏ Ran arts festivals, publishing literary magazines, staging conferences around the world, established national affiliates (40 countries) ❏ CCF promoted abstract expressionism (US) ❏ CIA was behind the CCF ❏ “Flexible response” - a buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons ❏ Alliance for progress - a program which the US tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems ❏ Bay of pigs invasion - a plan made by Eisenhower and the CIA to get Cuban exiles to fight against Castro and Cuba ❏ Failed, no air support ❏ “New frontier” - JFK’s campaign program in the 1960 election ❏ He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, healthcare, and civil rights ❏ Film of pigs being communists ❏ The Counterculture: 1964-1972, when the norms of the 1950s were rejected by the youth ❏ Hippie counterculture movement was made up of a variety of social concerns and beliefs ❏ Hippies: not satisfied with what their parents had built for them, a rather strange belief given that their parents had built the greatest booming economy the world had ever seen -> rejected middle-class values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War; they embraced aspects of eastern philosophy and sought to find new meaning in life ❏ Positive: influenced music, tv, film, literature, art ❏ Negative: more liberal press and movies which led to a degradation of our cultural values and ethics ❏ “Last straw” - Nov. 22, 1963 ❏ Kennedy campaigned for civil rights and against discrimination ❏ Counterculture - culture against something ❏ Cuban Missile Crisis, the world was on verge of a nuclear war, a new generation started to question the norms and values of their culture, African-Americans, women, and LGBTQ+ people began to demand their rights ❏ Vietnam War: Vietnam divided in two by US and Soviets ❏ Supported an anti-war campaign involving the youth ❏ Protests started by this group caused hundreds of deaths ❏ Best generation criticized the low standards of living, artists, and intellectuals protested against censorship ❏ Richard Nixon: his resignation in 1974 -> had 5 men break into the quarters of the democratic party in the Washington Complex with the intention of eavesdropping on his opponents -> his resignations was a victory for the counterculture ❏ Wole movement started to grow small when most of the movement’s supporters found themselves being more grown-up and less rebellious Hungarian Uprising and Prague Spring ❏ Satellite State - had their own gov’s, but their leaders were controlled by the Soviet Union ❏ 1955: Khrushchev came to power ❏ 1956 (Feb): Khrushchev made his secret speech ❏ Stated: attacked Stalin’s ri\ule and released political prisoners ❏ Effect: gave the message to Warsaw Pact nations that Khrushchev would be a ‘soft’ leader ❏ Cause: made many people believe they could escape Soviet control ❏ Hungarian Uprising Causes: ❏ Freedoms: Soviets stopped Hungarian children from learning their own history (censorship of the press) ❏ Church: Hungarians were religious but the Communist Party banned Catholicism and imprisoned its leader, Cardinal Mindszenty ❏ Economy: poverty and poor ❏ Secret police: (AVO) was hated ❏ 650,000 people were arrested ❏ Leaders: Rakosi was a brutal leader ❏ Known as the ‘bald butcher’ ❏ 2,000 people were killed when he came in power -> 200,000 were imprisoned ❏ October 24, 1956: fighting break out in Budapest ❏ October 23, 1956: protestors pull down a statue of Stalin ❏ Rakosi was replaced with Imre Nagy ❏ Nagy’s reforms: ❏ Prisoners: all political prisoners were released ❏ Politics: free elections and one-party state ❏ Freedom: press, speech, and religious worship ❏ Economy: trade links with the West ❏ November 2, 1956: Nagy announced that Hungary was leaving the Warsaw Pact ❏ Khrushchev invaded Hungary (1,000 Soviet tanks) ❏ November 4, 1956: USSR invades Hungary ❏ 4,000 were killed ❏ Nagy was arrested and hanged ❏ Hungarian Uprising Results: ❏ West: realized it couldn’t help Iron Curtain countries but wanted to contain the spread of communism ❏ Warsaw Pact: Russia retained control until 1968 ❏ Hungary’s leadership: Nagy was replaced by Kadar ❏ International Communist reaction to the invasion: Western Communists were horrified (many left the party) ❏ 1945: Soviet troops liberate Hungary from the Nazi’s ❏ 1949: Cominform impose an aggressive regime on Hungary ❏ Execute political leaders and their supporters ❏ Czechoslovakia (Prague Spring) 1968 ❏ When: 1968 ❏ What: 4-month period of freedom in Czechoslovakia ❏ Causes: ❏ 1967 - students and writers were complaining about the lack of freedom in Czechoslovakia ❏ 1968 - Alexander Dubcek took over from Novotny as Communist Party Secretary ❏ Dubcek was a reformer who wanted to reform the Communist system ❏ Events: ❏ A 4 month period of freedom in Czechoslovakia ❏ Dubcek removed state controls to allow: ❏ Political parties other than the communist party ❏ Freedom of speech ❏ Freedom of the press (no censorship) ❏ It symbolized the easing of East-West tension since the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 ❏ The new leader of the USSR, Brezhnev, viewed these reforms as a threat to the USSR ❏ August 20, 1968: 400,000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia ❏ Czechs did not fight back ❏ Stood in front of the tanks and put flowers in the soldiers’ hair ❏ Dubcek and other Czech leaders were arrested ❏ Sent to Moscow to talk with Brezhnev for 4 days ❏ August 27, 1968 - Czech leaders returned and told the Czechs that they were ending many of their reforms ❏ 1969 - Dubcek resigned ❏ Brezhnev replaced him with loyal communist Husak ❏ Consequences of the Prague Spring: ❏ Czechoslovakia returned to Soviet control ❏ The Brezhnev Doctrine ❏ Eastern European countries were angry ❏ Romania and Yugoslavia formed alliances with China, which was now a rival to the USSR ❏ Cold War worsened ❏ East-West relations between the USA and USSR became worse again ❏ Brezhnev Doctrine: ❏ Refused to let any countries leave the Warsaw Pact ❏ Brezhnev would use force if necessary to keep Soviet satellite states under Soviet control Cold War under Reagan ❏ Ronald Reagan: president of the Screen Actors Guild ❏ His belief towards communist influence in Hollywood was that he considered communism, but decided against it -> when he became president, he left his democratic views and decided to go against communism ❏ Ronald Reagan made some pointed suggestions about what America should do next -> while the Kennedy administration began pursuing arms control agreements, Regan wrote an article explaining that the goal should be not to coexist with communism but to defeat it (what Ronald Reagan think of the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis) ❏ Reagan said that those protesting against him had “open mouths and closed minds because that protestor wasn’t listening to him and just wanted to be against him ❏ It was often said that he believed in “peace through” strength ❏ After his first press conference as president, Reagan wanted to confront, not appease the Soviets ❏ Reagan fired 11,000 workers -> he claimed they were breaking the law -> (in that specific job, you cannot strike because of national security) so he fired them to send a message out to the world and the Soviets -> showed people he wasn’t messing around, and that he wasn’t scared to hurt his enemies (he did this to the air traffic controllers who were on strike) ❏ Reagan said Marxism and Leninism will end up “on the ash-heap of history” ❏ SDI is an acronym for “Strategic Defense Initiative” ❏ August 1984 - Ronald Reagan made a mistake before making a radio address (making jokes and bombing) ❏ 1985 - Reagan met Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva ❏ Told Gorbachev that we were going to end the Cold War ❏ At Reykjavik, confessions that Gorbachev offered was the banning of all ballistic missiles, but Reagan wanted to continue research on the Strategic Defense Initiative (STI), which involved the militarization of outer space -> Reagan was stubborn ❏ June 1987 - Reagan said if Gorbachev sought peace, he would “tear down this wall!” (The Berlin Wall) ❏ December 1987 - The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) -> agreement between the US and SU ❏ When Regan visited the Soviet Union, he thought of the “Evil Empire” as it was better to talk to and not about somebody ❏ Reagan’s overall philosophy on negotiating strategies and how to combat the Soviet Union was peace with the power ❏ Reagan wanted more of a military build-up to match Soviet Powers -> no detente -> best communicator (president) ❏ Strong anti-communist instincts and powerful ability to mobilize public opinion ❏ Continued the arms race ❏ Reagan’s policy for trying to be more involved in International affairs led him to say that he is not going to let the USSR expand to other European countries and would do anything to prevent Soviet expansion (containment) ❏ Reagan called the Soviet Union “the evil empire” because they preach the supremacy of the state declare its omnipotence over individual man and predict its eventual domination of all peoples on the Earth -> they are the main focus of evil in the modern world ❏ Reagan delayed negotiations with the Soviets on a variety until the US could negotiate from strength ❏ During Reagan’s presidency, the Soviet Union was through a rough economical and political crisis with four different Soviet leaders holding office during Reagan’s presidency -> he became president as the torch in Moscow was being passed from the old guard to the new generation of reformers led by Gorbachev which led to lower tensions as these new Soviet leaders realized the fallacies in Soviet policy Perestroika and Glasnost ❏ Brezhnev died in 1982 ❏ Leader of the USSR from 1982 - 1984: Yuri Andropov ❏ Leader of the USSR from 1984 - 1985: Konstantin Chernenko ❏ Leader of the USSR from 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev ❏ Problems with the Soviet economy: ❏ Related to the arms race because it became so expensive that living standards fell as more money was spent on weapons ❏ The USSR spent 505 on the arms race as a percentage of the GDP ❏ Related to farming ❏ Inefficient farming led to food shortages and millions of tonnes of grain being imported for the USA ❏ Related to the Afghanistan invasion ❏ Nearly bankrupted the USSR ❏ Related to consumer goods ❏ Very poor quality ❏ Lada car (consumer good) ❏ Related to industry ❏ Old-fashioned industry and out-of-date mines and factories meant that there were no exports and there was hardly anything in shops ❏ Related to productivity ❏ Major crime, alcoholism and drug issues ❏ 10% of workers were drunk at work ❏ The average life expectancy of a man was 62 in the USSR ❏ Related to corruption ❏ Brezhnev lived a life of luxury ❏ Party was corrupt and many felt let down by communism ❏ Related to Comecon ❏ Propping up countries, ex: North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and Afghanistan, ultimately bankrupted the USSR ❏ Gorbachev was 54 when he became the leader of the USSR ❏ Two major policies of Gorbachev: Glasnost and Perestroika ❏ Known as “The New Thinking reforms” ❏ Purpose: to revive the USSR’s struggling economy without causing the end of communism or more discontent ❏ Another major part besides Glasnost and Perestroika was Foreign policy ❏ Foreign policy: Gorbachev held several summits with Ronald Reagan and changed the USSR’s approach to nuclear weapons ❏ Glasnost - new freedom and openness ❏ Reforms: ❏ Political prisoners freed, ❏ People could find out about atrocities of Stalin’s rule ❏ Free speech allowed ❏ Banned books were published, ❏ KGB powers became restricted ❏ Military conscription ended ❏ Prominent political prisoner, Andrei Sakharov, was released due to glasnost ❏ Perestroika - economic restructuring ❏ Reforms: ❏ Allowed businesses to make some profits so that there would be increased competition and better quality ❏ Not successful; there was too much corruption in the Communist Party and he couldn’t see the plans through Cracks in the Soviet Union ❏ Leadership crisis: ❏ 1920: there had only been 3 different Soviet General Secretaries ❏ Deaths of Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Cherneko in short succession in the first half of the 1980s was problematic for stability and policy continuity. ❏ High ranking Soviet Politburo posts had been given based in gerontocratic policy (officials are significantly older than the majority of the adult population) ❏ Recognizing the irrationality of the USSR leadership apparatus, the Politburo selects 54 years old Mikhail Gorbachev to lead in 1985 ❏ Stagnant Economy: ❏ Economic struggles in the 1970s were not limited to the United States ❏ Despite the Cold War representing an age of high technology, outside of military weaponry very little in the USSR was computerized due to state paranoia ❏ Since the Soviet Union was a planned economy, when the planners got things wrong the entire system suffered (different from the free market) ❏ There was an incentive for economic planners to rely on faulty data to paint a much more optimistic picture than the likely reality ❏ During detente when military expenditures decreased, the enormous strain was put on a Soviet economy that was increasingly driven by defense spending ❏ Massie scale corruption and incompetence further complicated matters (promoted based on age and connection, not merit) ❏ Afghanistan: ❏ In an effort to fortify a weak pro-communist regime, the USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979 -> officially bringing detente to a close ❏ Justification is grounded in the Brezhnev Doctrine -> the Soviet version of American hard-line containment policy ❏ Afghanistan’s challenging topography and lack of tangible infrastructure complicate matters for the USSR ❏ Although Moscow hoped the campaign would be brief, guerilla warfare and Islamic Extremist dedication perpetuate the conflict for nearly a decade ❏ This cost coupled with other massive defense commitments took a significant toll on the Soviet economy ❏ Carter’s cut off of grain shipments to USSR in aftermath of initial invasion also threw Soviet economic plan into flux ❏ Costs of Maintain Eastern Bloc ❏ Much like the United States had subsidized much of Western Europe in the immediate aftermath of World War II, the USSR had massive economic commitments to the Eastern Bloc ❏ Any economic or political crises in Eastern Europe became the de facto responsibility of the Soviet Union as a result of the structure of the Warsaw Pact ❏ While democratic uprisings were relatively infrequent until the 1980s, beginning in Poland in the early 1980s democratic fervor sweeps through Eastern Europe ❏ Because of a struggling domestic economy, the Soviet Union lacks the resources or ability to focus whole-heartedly on struggles in its Eastern European “allies” ❏ Gorbachev Reforms: ❏ Compared to previous Soviet leaders, a relatively young Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 ❏ Gorbachev’s extensive travels fundamentally shaped his political ideology ❏ Unlike his predecessors, Gorbachev candidly discussed challenges facing the Soviet Union (alcoholism, morale, stifling of talent) ❏ His two most famous policies: glasnost and perestroika ❏ Brought increased transparency and economic liberalization to an economically and ideology stagnant Soviet state ❏ His introduction of the Sinatra Doctrine lessened Soviet military commitments to nations in Eastern Europe while simultaneously encouraging those same nations to develop industrial identities free of Soviet policy How the Cold War ended ❏ Economic factors: ❏ Soviet economy was under great pressures and clearly failing ❏ Couldn’t compete in the NAR and withdrew from Afghanistan ❏ $1,000 billion spent on each year on NAR since the CW began ❏ This mad SU improve relations with the US as they couldn’t keep spending that much on military ❏ Gorbachev left with no chance but to cooperate ❏ Throughout this period, prosperity in EE was significantly less than the West: Soviets prioritized heavy industry over consumer goods ❏ Felt isolated, and this was due to the economic cooperation amongst Western powers, who had much higher standards of living -> envied this especially in divided Germany ❏ This with other Communist failures led to the discontent with Poland ❏ Poland: ❏ Due to economic and social problems, protests increased ❏ Consequently, ‘solidarity’ was created, the 1st TU in a Communist satellite state > Communist government was losing control, Poles expected an invasion but they were too preoccupied with the Afghanistan war and economic problems -> Communist leader did regain power over Poland, which increased tensions more ❏ When Gorbachev took power, he announced an end to the Brezhnev Doctrine -> Catalyst -> was a turning point in the CW ❏ Solidarity restored and they could now have free elections -> significant as it inspired revolutions in other EE countries and it was the primary reasons why the CW ended ❏ Pope delivered speeches as well as played a role in resistance ❏ Encouraged others to stand up to Communism and inspired revolutions ❏ Failures of Communism: ❏ Most responsible for the end of the CW and economic problems ❏ Failed to deliver the freedom as well as economic prosperity that the 1917 revolution promised ❏ Harsh repressive rule with a police state, repressive machinery, codlin be sustained, which therefore led to resistance which served as the catalyst for change ❏ Change of leadership: Reagan ❏ Staunch anti-Communist who exploited SU weaknesses -> embarked on NAR (star wars) knowing that the SU couldn’t compete ❏ This forcing Gorbachev into negotiations with the US to improve relations ❏ Reagan gave full commitment to NATO and forged relations with Thatcher ❏ Continued emphasize the Communism immortality -> SU continued to break the Helsinki agreement ❏ Constant anti-Communist rhetoric added moral dimensions to the CW and encourage others to break the Helsinki agreement ❏ Credit to the end despite his stance on Communism, and he was prepared to negotiate with Gorbachev -> Fresh approach ❏ Attempted to improve economic military to end the NAR -> argued that he only reciprocated Gorbachev’s good faith ❏ Change of leadership: Gorbachev ❏ ‘Gorbachev factor’ -> new and modernized way of thinking, different to all soviet leaders before him ❏ Introduced 2 new policies: glasnost and perestroika, which had a significant impact to reducing CW tensions ❏ Glasnost -> closeness -> introduced democracy, SU slowly moved towards a more democratic state, the communist party began to lose power in both Russia and satellite states ❏ Perestroika -> reconstructing the economy -> didn’t try to compete with the US in the NAR, instead admitted defeat and cut military spending, opened trade links with the West ❏ Ending of the Brezhnev Doctrine -> Gorbachev no longer supported the Communist government and encouraged the ‘Sinatra Doctrine’, the new Soviet policy of dealing with the Warsaw Pact ❏ Withdrawal from Afghanistan -> withdrew Soviet forces which helped economically as the war was too costly, led to stronger ties between US and SU ❏ CW officially came to an end: ❏ Soviet control of EE began to collapse ❏ Gorbachev annoyed that the Red Army would no longer provide support to crush internal opposition ❏ ‘Velvet Revolution’ -> Hungary removed barriers with Austria which was inspired by Poland -> chain reaction of activity throughout EE against Communist rule ❏ EG tore down the Berlin Wall ❏ Warsaw Pact was dissolved -> officially over The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe ❏ Causes: ❏ Marshall Plan - built up Western Europe and USA’s economies ❏ Treatment of Eastern Europe by USSR - USSRy controlled Eastern Europe, but put no care, wealth, or planning into their nations or future ❏ Money, equipment, and scientists from Eastern Europe were taken and then used it for themselves ❏ Envy of economic freedom/success in Western Europe -> when people are not thriving well as other people, people revolt ❏ USSR sent troops to Czechoslovakia to stop the spread of Capitalist ideas ❏ The SU fought in Afghanistan to gain oil-producing lands ❏ Great Britain (Margaret Thatcher - leader) joined the USA in its fight for Communism ❏ Ronald Reagan instilled the principle of spending money on the military ❏ Ronald Reagan’s military spending broke the Soviets because they couldn’t keep up ❏ 1st elected president of the Soviet Union: Gorbachev ❏ Gorbachev wanted political and economic reform for the SU ❏ Reforms: ❏ Did not want to interfere with Eastern European nations ❏ Privately owned business in USSR ❏ Held free elections ❏ To get votes for president, Gorbachev told the people the truth that the leader who counted votes, lied, and made whoever they wanted to win, the winner ❏ Independent nations that the SU broke into: ❏ Russia ❏ Slovakia ❏ Estonia ❏ Georgia ❏ Lithuania ❏ Latvia ❏ Kaliningrad ❏ Belarus ❏ Ukraine ❏ Moldova ❏ Armenia ❏ Azerbaijan ❏ Turkmenistan ❏ Uzbekistan ❏ Tajikistan ❏ Kyrgyzstan ❏ Kazakhstan ❏ The fall of communism in Yugoslavia was different from every Eastern Block nation because they were communist but were not linked with SU and all the others were connected by Warsaw Pact ❏ The 1st 2 nations to break away from Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia ❏ Croatia was violent ❏ Slovenia was peaceful ❏ Yugoslavia put up a fight to keep Croatia because the government made lots of money off tourism in Croatia ❏ Lead state of Yugoslavia: Serbia ❏ Leader: Slobodan Milosevic ❏ Arrested: he violated war crimes and commanded a genocide of ethnic groups in Yugoslavia ❏ Balkan nickname: the powder keg of Europe ❏ Independent nations that broke away from Yugoslavia: ❏ Croatia ❏ Serbia ❏ Slovenia ❏ Bosnia ❏ Macedonia ❏ Montenegro ❏ Eastern Bloc nation to break away from Communism ❏ 1st. Poland ❏ 2nd. Hungary ❏ 3rd. East Germany ❏ Bulgaria and Romania broke away as less strict communist nations ● Decolonization - lead to violence ○ 20 century - empires died, WWII got rid of dictatorships, weakened strong colony nations ○ India - Bangladesh, Pakistan, India ○ French Indochina - Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam ○ Dutch East Indies - Indonesia (Dutch exploited, Dutch police actions; 1950 independence) ○ Africa - resources exploited, traditional elites undermined ○ Egypt - independence in 1950, a king who took orders from British, overthrown by the army ● Nasser ○ Banned Muslim brotherhood ● India - controlled by Britain ○ Who: ■ Mohandas Gandhi ● Hindu, Indian National Congress leader ● Advocated nonviolence, peace ● Tried to bring Hindus and Muslims together ● Satyagraha - soul force ● Hunger strikes ● Salt March (Indians not allowed to make salt) ○ Hindu-Muslim Cooperation ■ Muhammad Ali Jinnah ● Muslim, Indian National Congress leader, founder of Pakistan ○ Cause(s): ■ Indian Nationalism ● Sepoy Mutiny (rebellion) (1800) ● Indian National Congress (1885) ○ Intellectuals have more control, but not independence ● Why do we have to fight? (In WWI, WWII) ○ Independence 1947 ■ Partition ● India = maj. Hindu ● Pakistan/Bangladesh = maj. Muslim ■ Religious violence ■ Democracy ● Communism in China ○ Who: Mao Zedong (communist) vs. Chiang Kai (nationalist) ○ 1949 - Nationalists to Taiwan ■ Causes: ● Political, international problems (China mostly communists) ○ Cause(s): Mao promised: ■ Land to peasants ■ Reject gender inequalities ■ Guerrilla warfare ■ Corrupt nationalist gov (propaganda movement of nationalist gov) ■ Foreign influence ○ Communist Rule: (early 1950s) ■ Modern industrial nation ■ Literacy increase ■ No more, landlord, business class ■ Rural Chinese given health care ■ 1 party, eliminated all other ■ Denial of rights/freedoms ■ Control of all of China ○ Impact(s): ■ Speed economic growth ■ Collective farms to communes, speed growth crop production ■ Peasant resentment + bad weather - famine ○ Cultural Revolution - to buy into communism ■ 1966 - renew loyalty to communism ● Red Guards ○ Troops arrest, kill, hurt disloyal (anti-communists) ○ Attack intellectual ● Eliminate 4 olds ○ Ideas, cultural, customs, habits ○ Destroy temples ● Causes of the Cold War ○ Basics: ■ Standstill between two major superpowers, US vs SU with nuclear weapons (1947-1991) ■ Iron Curtain - the separation of superpowers ○ Nuclear weapons and tensions between superpowers? ○ Manhattan Project - US building nuclear powers ○ Growing tensions from World War II, the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, without letting the Soviet Union (SU) know ○ Different worldview, communist vs. democracy (capitalist) ○ WWII ■ Potsdam Conference ● Truman, Churchill, Stalin conflicts ● Stalin remove troops from Europe and Asia but rejected ○ NATO vs WARSAW ○ 1. Germany was divided into four sections, Berlin as well, divided separately and equally between the big three. ○ 2. Stalin wanted to punish Germany with paid repressions just like after WWI, the US wanted to help rebuild Germany. (If Germany was forced to pay repressions Stalin was hoping they would later become desperate and resort to communism) ○ 3. US in Nato, USSR in Warsaw Pact. ○ 4. Iron Curtain ○ 5. Truman Doctrine ■ Expanded the Containment policy ■ Helped Greece, who was fighting with communism vs. West monarchy gov. ■ To stop SU’s geological advances ○ 6. Containment Policy ○ 7. Domino Theory ○ 8. Marshall Plan - by George Marshall ■ Created to aid Europe ■ Financial support ■ Stop spread of communism ○ 9. Berlin Airlift ● Containment policy and Domino Theory ○ Foreign policy, try to stop communism, “contain” communism, 1947, without war ○ Domino Theory - after one area became communist, the communism would spread to nearby countries ● Proxy Wars (Korean, Vietnam, Soviet-Afghan War) ○ Korean (1950-1953) ■ North vs South, tried to take full control (North attacked South) ● North - communist, Kim Il-sung ● South - Capitalist, Syngman Rhee ■ June 25, 1950 - 38th parallel ■ Push and pull, back and forth movement ■ Armistice - July 27th, 1953 ■ UN involved in South ○ Vietnam (1954-1975) ■ From Indochina ■ Ho Chi Minh (nationalist, communist, North) vs. Ngo Dinh Diem (South, roman-catholic, capitalist) [corrupt, not nice] ■ International Conference at Geneva - divide at 17th parallel, independence of Indochina ■ US involvement - due to Domino Theory and Containment ■ USSR and China support North ● At first, only some involvement, supplies, no troops, then troops were sent ■ Ground War (1965-1968) ● No territorial goal ● Contain communism ● Viet Cong ○ South people who were communist ○ Supplies and allied with North ○ Did not want democratic help ○ Farmers and fighters ● Tet Offensive (1968) ○ General Westmoreland ○ Southern cities destroyed by Vietcong and Vietnamese Army ● Operation Rolling Thunder (1965) ○ End North V support of Vietcong ○ Bombing offense ○ FAILED ● USA Failure ○ Fall of South Vietnam ○ Could not contain communism ○ Many suffered psychological effects ○ Lost people’s support due to news from tv ○ US abandon embassy ○ Soviet-Afghan ■ 10-year war ■ Afghanistan neutral, but other nations wanted it cause of resources and location ■ New republic - Khan overthrew Muhammad Shah ■ Communists of Afghan - People’s Democratic Party fo Afghan ■ Amin lead coup, who overthrew gov and create communist gov ■ Dec 25th, 1979: USSR invades and Arab ask to draw out ● Religious Guerilla War ■ Siege of Khost City ● Stalemate; natives vs. Arabs countries vs. USSR ■ 1986 - US gave missiles to natives ■ Geneva Accords ● 1985, SU demand leave ■ 1989 - Russian troops leave ● Nuclear weapons ○ SALT (Strategic Anti Limitations Talk) ■ Helsinki, Finland 1969 first meeting ■ FAILED ■ Nov 17 1st phase, May 26, 1972, signed in Moscow ■ 1971 - reached agreement ● Limit anti ballistic missiles they had ○ SALT II (1977-1979) ■ Jimmy Carter and Brezhnev ● Limit # of weapons ● Only 2,250 of each missiles ○ Both sides did not follow and did NOT WORK ■ Missiles were back in Cuba ■ Afghan invasion ○ 1986 - President Reagan backed from SALT saying USSR violated the pact ● Cuban Missile Crisis ○ Cuban Revolution (1959) ■ Fidel Castro comes to power ■ America dislikes as previous leader was supported by America ■ Stop trades and buying goods ○ Bay of Pigs Operation (1961) ■ Cuban exiles try to defeat Cuba (FAILED) ■ Support of USSR ○ Gov filled with communists ■ USSR started to place missiles in Cuba ■ US and USSR higher tensions ■ Blockade ■ Negotiation - USSR remove missiles in Cuba, then US does not invade Cuba and remove missiles in Turkey ● Period of Detente ○ A period of time when the tensions between USSR and US calmed down ○ China and the US started to form a better relationship, which the USSR feared, so grew relationship ○ Reasons ■ Economic decline ■ Save $ ■ US - inflammation ■ USSR - poor harvest ■ Propaganda - wanted to be peacemakers ■ Responding to protests, antinuclear movements ○ Agreed on weapon limitations ■ Salt I - 1972 ■ Helsinki - 1975 ■ Salt II - 1979 ○ Had joint space flight ○ FAILED: ■ As the Soviet Union invaded Afghan ● Cold War in the Middle East ○ Iran ■ Oil Industry ■ 1939 - Outbreak of war ● Allied alliances of oil-critical ● British threats to Iran ■ USSR created Republics ● Azerbaijan ● Tehran ○ Relied on SU protection ■ USSR leaves Republic, Iran recognizes ● Iran says no, USSR stay ■ US protest to UN ● Passed resolutions 2, 3, 5 to solve the issue and remove troops ■ USSR said yes, we will leave, but delayed for 2 months ● Pressuring Iran to give 51% of its oil share ○ Iran looked like they will say yes, USSR leave, but then Iran said no ○ Israel and Palestine ■ Islam vs. Judaism ■ When the Ottoman Empire ruled, both sides lived peacefully together ■ British took control ● Balfour Declaration ○ Promise to Palestinians and Jews ● Over-promisers promised free land to both, but the British negotiated with France that they would take control of Palestine ○ Also promised Mecca, Palestine would be there if they revolt against Ottoman rule ● British separated land into three, Christians, Jews, and Muslims ○ Harder for all three to combine and go against British ● More Jews in Palestine: Palestinians angry ○ Used resources ○ Evicted living and working ● 1936 - Palestine revolt ○ British WON with Jew help ● White Paper ○ Made by British ○ Jewish immigration decrease - unhappy Zionists ○ Joint Arab and Jewish state ■ Unhappy, they wanted their own land ● UN help ○ 1947 - partition ■ 2 States ● 1948 - Arab-Israeli War ○ Israel (won) vs. Palestinians and Arab states ● 1949 - armistice - Israel got ⅓ more land than in the partition ● 1967 - Israel-Arab War ○ 6-day war ○ Israel took ■ Golan Heights ■ Sinai Peninsula ■ Central West Bank ■ Gaza Strip ● UN Resolution 242 ○ Israel take back land they gained from war and create Israel and Palestine state ● Intifadas ○ Boycotts, suicide bombings, refuse to pay taxes ○ Oslo Accords ■ 2 state resolution ■ Between Israel and Palestinian Liberation Organization ■ Palestinians though Israel had more than they did ● Water right ● Land ■ Signed after several meetings in Norway ■ Opposed by many people ■ Oslo I ● Area A - Palestinian control ● Area B - Civil control, joint security control ● Area C - Israeli control ■ Oslo II ● Signed in May 1994 in Egypt ● More land to Palestine ● Post-WWII Berlin ○ Iron Curtain: boundary name which divided Europe into two different areas from the ending of World War II in 1945, until the end of the Cold War in 1991 ○ Berlin Blockade (1948) ● Who: Soviet Union ● What: limit the ability of the US, Great Britain, and France to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian occupied East Germany ■ US Policy: mainly giving economic aid to struggling European nations and German, made efforts (Western Allies) to introduce a single currency to zones they occupied in Germany and Berlin, ● The Soviets blocked all rail, road, and canal access to the western zones of Berlin ● 2.5 million civilians were left with had no access to food, medicine, fuel, electricity, and other basic goods ■ Western powers instituted an airlift that lasted nearly a year and delivered vital supplies and relief to West Berlin ■ First major conflict: Berlin Blockade, and the Allied response in the form of the Berlin Airlift ■ End of WWII: US, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union divided defeated Germany into four occupation zones which was outlined in the Yalta Conference ---> Formalized at Potsdam ● Berlin, located within the Soviet-occupied zone, was divided with the Western part of the city in Allied hands and East under Soviet control ■ The Soviet Union wanted to economically punish Germany, by forcing the country to pay war reparations and contribute its industrial technology to help Soviet recovery ● Allies saw Germany’s economic recovery as crucial to preserving it as a democratic buffer against the spread of communism from Eastern Europe → Stalin consolidated Soviet influence ■ 1948: representatives from the US, Britain, and France met in London to discuss the future of Germany ■ Allies: to combine their occupied zones to create Bizonia → unified West German state ● Soviets withdrew from the Allied Control Council ■ 2 days after the blockade was announced, the US and Britain planes carried out the largest air relief operation in history, transporting 2.3 million tons of supplies into West Berlin on more than 270,000 flights over 11 months ● 700 aircraft were used during the Berlin Airlift, more than 100 belonged to Civilian operators ● Stalin helped the Berlin Blockade would force the Allies to abandon their efforts to create a West German state ○ When the Soviets lifted the Berlin blockade crisis in, it had hardened the East/West division of Germany and all of Europe, ushering in the Cold War not too after ○ Berlin Airlift ■ 1948: Germany hopes to drive his Western adversaries out of Berlin, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin orders his troops to cut off all access to the city ● Blocked by land and sea → Allies use the massive airlift in history ■ June 26, 1048: US Airforce carries 80 tons of food into Berlin ● To keep the population alive: resources, energy, ⅔ of the cargo was coal → Soviets shut off electricity supply to the Western parts of the city → problem, especially in the winter ○ US Navy and British Royal Air Force ■ April 16, 1949: Allies organized the “Easter Parade” airlift that will be the dramatic climax of Operation: Vittles ● Every 30 sec. Planes lift-off (12,940 cargo+coal) ■ May 12, 1949: Soviet Union ends the blockade ○ Berlin Wall ■ When: August 13, 1961 ■ How long: 87 miles long ■ Surprise: On June 1961, Walter stated that “no one has the intention of creating a wall” ● August, a wall had to be built under instruction from the Soviet Union ■ Why: To prevent the mass movement of people from East to West ● Nearly 2,600,000 East Germans left for West Berlin (15% population) ■ West Germany: received financial help through the Marshall plan (USA) → helped to rebuild after WWII ■ East Germany: suffered under communism after the control of the Soviet Union was established ■ Mass Movement: ● Affect East Germany socially ○ Those leaving tended to be young and educated ○ The Communist government in East Germany had fears of a “brain drain” when the more intelligent left East Germany ● Affect East Germany economically ○ Lost many skilled workers ● Affect East Germany politically ○ Many leaving made the communist regime look unpopular ○ Negative: to compete with capitalist West ● Prevention: before the first wall, East used barbed wired