Industrial Revolution: Global Notes

The cause of Industrial Revolution is basically two parts. One of them is demand, and one of the m is supply. On the side of demand, the first of all is the development of agriculture technology, and it brings the growth of agriculture products. One of other reason is that people incomes rises, and it increases demand of products. One of other reason is that the foundation of colonies makes demand increase in mercantilism time. On the side of supply, the first reason is that there were m any people to work because there was huge population increases. The second reason is that Euro pean countries make colonies, and it brings enough material for demand. One of other reason is t hat the development of technology, and the changing of system in government. England was huge influenced country because there was cotton industrial technology, an d they had a lot of colonies to sell, and to get materials. One of the big points is that England is is land country, and they had the routes of trade. The ocean trade was easy, and cheap to deliver. W hen the Industrial Revolution happens, they can easy make factory with little financials. Working and Living during the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution and with the advent of mechanized machinery such as t he cotton gin, and the steam engine, people from the industrializing economies such as Europe a nd North America and the farm and plantations of Asia and Africa, had to work harder because t heir work schedules grew more demanding. In addition populations continued to grow throughou t London, Leeds, Glasgow, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. However, the speed at whic h industrialization was moving was less great in the Low Countries and France. In the midst of i mpressive growth throughout Europe and their neighboring towns also developed were unhealth y cities for most urban dwellers. During the early nineteenth century, a clean water supply lacked unlike that of ancient to wns of the Roman Empire had at one time. Unfortunately, the water served as a drinking source also came from the mills that included chemicals. This same water supply was also used in the d yeing process. It was poured directly back into waterways; for example, Manchester’s Irk River. It became increasingly filthy over time. This same river was also the same water source that supp lied thousands of residents. Moreover, with tenant overcrowding came sharing of a very small nu mber of outhouses in most European cities. By late 1850, no running water or garbage pickup exi sted and no such underground sewers were known. Unfortunately, disease became rampant as a r esult. Families eventually made their way to cities where they found jobs in small and large fac tories where they earned wages. This was essential income because it added to the family’s reven ues. Family members who, otherwise, would have stayed home and sold the goods they produce d opted for work outside the home for additional money. As urban employers began hiring empl oyees to help run their factories they had find ways for which to pay them. Urban employers exp erimented with various ways by paying their workers by the number of tasks performed or goods produced. Frequently, many were left working upwards of twelve hours or more in a given day. Children were not the exception, unfortunately. Of the more than 800,000 workers in 1851, Engl and, two-thirds of those employed in mechanized industries were women and children. Time eventually became a factor the affected changes in the workforce. In around the 1800s a m ore disciplined regimen came to fruition in the industrial setting. In order for new machinery to o perate, massive clocks were affixed to the top of towers over work sites. They were put there by factory and mill owners. Clocks were also measured by the output per hour as well as to compare worker’s performance against other worker’s. Over time, and after long repeated offenses of fud ging the daily worker’s hours by falsifying the actual time of day, worker’s revolted and destroye d the clocks in revenge. As greater levels of production gained during the Industrial Revolution, so too were the numbing work routines. As many employees worked excessively throughout the day their earnin gs were just as less desirable. It was not until after 1850 that real wages began to rise for most w orkers. Until then, many had no work at all. This was essentially the worst of two evils. The choi ces were drudgery, low pay or no work at all and the latter was a bad situation for those without i ncome as families grew dependant on their income. Authors, Charlotte Bronte, an English novelist and Charles Dickens described the worst of times in their books. They depicted deplorable conditions for those working in factories. In Ch arlotte Bronte’s book: Shirley, she described “a moral earthquake and forcing the poor to drink th e water of affliction”. In her book she depicted “the misfortunes wrought by the power loom”. O ther authors, Elizabeth Gaskell, in England and Emile Zola, in France jump on the bandwagon b y describing the “hardships suffered by women whose children were perpetually malnourished a nd forced into the workforce too early”. These novelists and social advocates eventually pushed f or protective legislation for workers which also included curbing child labor and limiting the wor k day. This too was to include, legalization of prostitution in some countries in order that the cou rtesans’ health could be monitored. Since the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the economic reordering virtually transformed all aspects of those who were caught up in it. Because of the reordering Lives were altered. The way they traded with each other and what they consumed changed for go od. New methods for mobilizing capital and work routine rhythms changed for merchants, wage l aborers and farmers. All of these changes affected those of where they worked, where they lived, whom they were going to marry, how many children they were going to have and how they regar ded people whose lives were different from their own. In the end many Europeans found themsel ves moving to far away regions far, far away from where their parents grew up all in the spirit of starting life over. Industrial Revolution • Transformation and Expansionism in Japan. 1. Began in the 1860’s when Japanese rulers wanted to transform their old looking dynasty to a more modern looking nation. 2. Other American, Dutch and British nations forced the Tokugawa rulers to sign humiliating treaties, which opened Japanese ports, slapped limits on Japanese tariffs, and exempted foreigners from Japanese laws. 3. When they were forced the shogun to resign, Emperor Mutsuhito, known as the Meiji Emperor (Enlightened Rule) became the symbol of a new Japan. His reign, from 1868 to 1912, was referred to as the Meiji Restoration. 4. The reforms in education, the military, local administration, and so forth, quickly produced a strong national identity among Japanese. 5. In 1871, the government banned the feudal system allowing peasants to become small landowners, consequently, improved their agrarian techniques and saw their daily life standards improve. 6. During the Meiji period, the government sought to improve the modernization by building railroads, laying telegraph lines, founding a postal system, and encouraging the formation of giant firms known as zaibatsu, which were family organizations consisting of factories, import-export businesses, and banks. 7. Like other growing nations Japan wanted to expand its territory. The Chinese worried that soon the Japanese would try to take over Korea. These tensions eventually brought the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 in which the Chinese suffered a dreadful defeat. 8. This caused the Japan Expansion to increase to a nation-state and colonial power with no peer in Asia. • Transformation and Expansionism in Russia. 1. Due to many of the Expanding powers on Russia’s immense border meant that Russia would have to enlarge its domain as well. 2. The Russians tried to expand southwest and east, in the late nineteenth century invading the Ottoman territories. 3. The invasion provoked opposition from Britain and France, who joined with the Ottomans to defeat Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856). The defeat exposed Russia’s military weaknesses, including a lack of modern weapons and problems supplying troops over long distances without a railway system. 4. In the 1860s Tsar Alexander II launched a wave of great reforms, modernization programs to make sure defeat could not happen in the future. 5. While Russians moved to the lands they had conquered, however, they never made up the majority there. The new provinces still consisted of multiethnic and multi-religious communities that were only partially integrated into the Russian state. 6. The Trans- Siberian Railroad- Russia’s decisions to build a railway across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean derived from a desire to expand the empire’s power in East Asia and stall British advances in Asia. The new railroad ferried Russian troops over long distances to battles, such as the one at Mukden, in Manchuria, which was then the largest land battle in the history of warfare and observed by military attaches from all the great powers. 7. Russia had many different nationalities, over one hundred that were not treated equally; Control came by centralized authority as Russia sought to assimilate these peoples. Coastal Sail I. a. II. Sailing vessels had long been used for moving goods round the British coast. The trade transporting coal to London from Newcastle had begun in mediaeval times. The transport of goods coastwise by sea within Britain was common during the Industrial Revolution, as for centuries before. This became less important with the growth of the railways at the end of the period. Canals and Navagable Rivers a. The United Kingdom's navigable water network grew massively as the demand for industrial transport increased. b. The canals were key to the pace of the Industrial Revolution: roads at the time were unsuitable for large volumes of traffic. c. Canal boats were way quicker, could carry large volumes, and were much safer for fragile items. d. Canals began to be built in the late eighteenth century to link the major manufacturing centres in the Midlands and north with seaports and with London, at that time itself the largest manufacturing centre in the country. e. Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be easily transported across country. A single canal horse could pull a load dozens of times larger than a cart at a faster pace. f. St Helens river has a good claim to the title to be called first canal of the Industrial Revolution g. This was followed by the Bridgewater Canal built from the Duke of Bridgwater's coal mine at Worsley to the towns of Manchester and Runcorn on the River Mersey (on the way to Liverpool). h. Bridgewater Canal- the first modern artificial canal in Britain, other canals were constructed between industrial centres, cities and ports, and were soon transporting raw materials (esp coal and lumber) and manufactured goods. i. There were immediate benefits to households, as well as to commerce: in Manchester, the cost of coal fell by 75% when the Bridgewater Canal arrived. j. As the Industrial Revolution took hold in the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, the technology allowed canals to be improved. k. The early canals contoured round hills and valleys, later ones went straighter. Locks took canals up and down hills, and they strode across valleys on taller and longer aqueducts and through hills in longer and deeper tunnels. l. However, from the mid 19th century, railways began to replace canals, especially those built with the standard narrow (7 ft) bridges and locks. m. As trains, and later road vehicles, became more advanced, they became cheaper than the narrow canal system, being faster, and able to carry much larger cargoes. n. The canal network declined, and many canals were bought by railway companies - in some cases to enable them to penetrate rival companies' areas transhipping to/from canal boats. o. They were eventually largely superseded by profitable commercial enterprises due to the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain. III. Roads a. Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes. b. From the 1720s (and occasionally earlier) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. c. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of some turnpike trust. d. New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and John Macadam. IV. e. The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country. f. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad wheeled, carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse. g. A system of very large pack horse trains had developed, but few roads were suitable for wheeled vehicles able to transport large amounts of materials (especially fragile manufactured goods such as pottery) quickly. h. Poor road conditions and corruption within the taxed turnpike system proved that a new form of goods transport needed to be established. Hence the rail system was introduced. Railways a. Wagon ways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. b. These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. c. The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast iron plates used). d. Horse-drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century. e. Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830. f. Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. g. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories. h. Railways helped Britain's trade enormously, providing a quick and easy way of transport and an easy way to transport mail and news. The Rise of Industry within North America 3 Forms of Industry Revolution A. Agriculture - In 1794 the cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. This made the division of the cotton seeds from fiber increasingly faster. By having this invention, this allowed the south to increase its supply of shipping out raw to the northerners to be used in the manufacturing of cloth. B. Transportation - In the 1790’s the Lancaster turnpike, or toll roads, were the first known forms within the advancement of transportation that served as a connection amongst the Eastern United States. - Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807. Before the steamboat was invented, river travel was conducted by flatboat which had relied on the current of the river or the strength of the men who would push the boat upstream. - With the invention of the steamboat, people and goods could be easily and effectively transported. - The passage of the Pacific Railway bill allowed for tax money to be spent on the production of a transcontinental railroad. The railroad provided jobs and spurred the growth of new industries such as cattle, farming, and transportation of goods from various other states. Communication - In 1870 the invention of electricity and power gave way to more advances in the early nineteenth century. - In 1866 Cyrus W. Field developed the transatlantic telegram. Productivity - The revolution of iron and steel production came about in the 1870s and 1880s. With the advancement in the railroad industry there was a higher demand for steel and iron production. The demand led to a new discovery in the processes of forming iron. They began to blow melton air through molten iron to burn out impurities and create a stronger product. The invention of the furnace replaced the old brick stoves. Steam freighters allowed for an easier shipping of these products. This also created a new industry for lubrication the oil industry. - There was also an increase in research into products, and corporate laboratories were founded. Engineering became merged with scientists and were in high demand for corporate laboratories. - Industrialist also embraced the idea of taylorism; the concept that scientific management made human labor compatible to the demands of the machine and increased control in the workplace. - Henry Ford first introduced the assembly line which spend up the process of manufacturing cars, and lead to a cheaper production rate. Industrial Revolution I. II. III. South America Trading and Financing 1. The Americas were the first region to embrace free trade practices and policies. a) Merchants wanted export raw materials and import needed European, especially British, manufactured goods. b) After 1810, Latin American countries abolished most tariffs protecting local producers and removed all special laws covering Spanish and Portuguese commerce 2. Free trade in the Americas offered European consumers access to cheap foodstuffs and other primary staples like timber, cotton, and minerals a) Britain was the first to take advantage of free trade with the Americas b) Free trade became the de facto guiding principle of Atlantic commerce between Britain and the Americas Manufacturing 1. Industrial development occurred as the diffusion and accumulation of technological knowledge necessary for manufacturing increased. a) Numerous inventions applied and diffused across the Atlantic world to build up a stock of technological knowledge and practice that was widely available Social and Political Change 1. A new pattern appeared in the Americas in what were the heartlands of industrial capitalism, colonialism, and the new nation-states a) There was a desire to establish inclusive political systems, and expand territorial domains b) Required government to induct the people into public life with national laws and court systems, standardized money, and national political parties. 2. The decades after 1850 saw general expansion and development of nation-states in the world, but the Americas had the most complete assimilation of new possessions into old domains. a) With the help of rifles, railroads, schools, and land surveys, frontiers became lucrative and strategic possessions, central to the fabric of South American societies. b) While territorial expansion and high rates of economic growth were happening, these processes prevented the poor Indians and blacks from participating fully in market or political like. i. Fear of uprising kept the elites in a state in alarm 3. Brazil a) Abolished slavery in 1830, but allowed illegal slave imports for 2 more decades b) In 1888 the Brazilian emperor abolished slavery for good c) Elites created new labor force for their estates by importing workers from Italy, Spain and Portugal as seasonal migrant workers or poor, indentured tenant farmers. d) In 1891 a federal system was established and proclaimed Brazil a republic. e) Became the world exclusive exporter of rubber for bicycle and automobile industries so merchants, planters and workers prospered i. Rich merchants became the lenders and financiers to workers and landowners f) The rubber boom ended due to the diversified biomass that could not tolerate a regimented, agrarian form of production at the expense of other vegetation g) Brazilian producers went bankrupt as competition increased and prices were reduced Industrial Revolution Technology Advances and Economic Development During the Industrial Revolution there were many new materials and new t echnologies that played a vital role in the economy and the economic development. A new material that played a vital role was the production of steel which was more m alleable and stronger than iron. Steel was essential for industries such as shipbuilding and railways. Since more railroads were built due to steel the economy of these coun tries grew and developed tremendously because their goods were able to travel long er distances in shorter amounts of time. Since ships were also made of steel the cou ntry’s goods were able to travel overseas in a reliable ship allowing the insurance of t he delivery of the goods. From 1870 to 1900 the output of steel went from half a mi llion tons to 28 million tons. One example of the miracle of steel was the constructio n of the Eifel Tower in 1889 in Paris, France. The construction of the Eifel Tower was Paris’s example to the world of how powerful they had become and how economical ly sound their economy was. Steel was not the only new technology developed, new technologies such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and mass transportation vehicles lik e trolleys and automobiles added to the Revolution as well. The production of electricity as a cheap energy source throughout the nine teenth century only added to new technologies as it was perfected. Many manufactu rers and owners of factories found out that they no longer needed to be close to the ir energy source because previous factories needed to be close to coal deposits or s ome source of running water. Not only did this help with being able to put their fact ories in cheaper places but it cut their costs of energy in half, thus allowing them to produce more and add to the economy. This also allowed for more factories to be a ble to open up and produce only further adding to the economy and job opportunit ies. Scientific research also played a vital role in the economic growth and indu strial development. German companies led the way in scientific research with the dev elopment of laboratories where university chemists and physicists performed researc h to serve industrial production. These scientists found new materials and chemicals t hat could be used in factories further cutting costs and adding to the economy. The United States followed in the footsteps of the Germans but that was called the Seco nd Industrial Revolution.