Personalilty Psychology Quiz 4 Answer Key

Personality Psychology 1. The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people a. respond to reinforcement. b. process information. c. think about their past. d. dream. 2. Kelly presented a “man-as-scientist” conception of human personality, meaning that a. no scientist can understand a person better than that person understands himself or herself. b. the human personality can be examined through scientific methods. c. people constantly try to predict and control the events in their lives. d. the best way to obtain answers to our questions about human personality is to examine a single individual in depth. 3. According to Kelly, differences in personality are largely a result of a. a. variations in our possible selves. b. differences in the way people construe the world. c. incomplete personal constructs. d. a lack of others’ acceptance of our self-schema. 4. Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person’s construct system, the better a. chance we will have of forming a romantic relationship. b. we will enjoy one another. c. chance we will have for psychological health. d. we will get along. 5. According to Kelly, anxiety results when a. people become aware of inconsistencies between the actual self and the ideal self. b. people can’t predict future events. c. defense mechanisms fail. d. people use faulty logic in arriving at self-defeating conclusions about themselves. 6. Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one? a. Process self-relevant information b. Organize information c. Describe oneself d. Avoid stereotyping 7. Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a welldeveloped “independence” schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to a schematics, participants with a strong independence schema a. took longer to answer because they had more information to process. b. took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer. c. took less time to answer. d. took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers. 8. Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are a. innate. b. most important to you. c. similar to your parents. d. unique to you alone. 9. Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words. When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible, participants recalled words best when they had been asked a. “Is the word printed in big letters?” b. “Does it rhyme with another word?” c. “Does it mean the same as another word?” d. “Does it describe you?” 10. A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating a. stereotypes. b. self-esteem. c. possible selves. d. personal constructs. 11. Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach, but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders. a. a loss of freedom b. early childhood experiences with caregivers c. inappropriate behaviors d. inappropriate thoughts 12. Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client’s attention during rational emotive behavior therapy? a. The activating experience, such as failing a test. b. The unstated belief, such as “I should be good at everything I do.” c. The emotional consequence, such as depression. d. The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems. 13. When practicing rational emotive behavior therapy, a therapist will typically a. look for the childhood experiences that contributed to the current problem. b. examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction. c. wait for the client to discover the source of the problem rather than suggest what the source might be. d. affirm to the client that he or she has good reasons to feel the way he or she does. 14. Obtaining a complete understanding of human personality requires that a. we focus on one or two specific approaches as a maximum. b. we examine every aspect of personality from a biological perspective. c. we focus our attention on the cognitive approach. d. we examine personality from several different perspectives. 15. Which of the following is true about aggressive scripts? a. They represent ways to act that have been learned. b. We can learn them by watching aggressive models. c. When they have been practiced, they are more likely to be acted out. d. All of these are correct 16. Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression a. work for female but not male participants. b. do not work because of the rational emotive model they typically employ. c. are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault and theft. d. only work when the interventions begin in mid-to-late adolescence. 17. Which of the following is false about emotional memories? a. The links between emotional memories are stronger for men than women. b. Both happy and sad memories are more accessible for women than men. c. Women attend to and process information about emotions more than men. d. Recalling one sad experience is more likely to trigger another sad memory for women than for men. 18. Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women a. make an effort to remember. b. form cognitive representations of themselves. c. have been trained to remember information in school. d. mature intellectually. 19. According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the negative schema causes people to a. attend to negative information. b. interpret ambiguous information in a depressing way. c. ignore positive information. d. all of these are correct. 20. According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who a. pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively. b. pay attention to both positive and negative information equally. c. interpret ambiguous information in a positive light. d. are always on the alert for negative information.