Introduction to Elementary Psychology Exam 1 Review

Introduction to Psychology Exam 1 Review Psychological Research: Perspectives in Psychology Name the perspective in psychology that corresponds with each of the following scientific questions: 1. How does information processing affect thought and behavior? Cognitive 2. How do our experiences and environment affect our behavior? Behavioral 3. How does the brain/biology affect behavior? Neuroscience 4. How do unconscious conflicts/drives determine behavior? Psychodynamic 5. How much genes vs environment affect behavior? Behavior Genetics 6. How does behavior/ mental processes promote survival? Evolutionary Psychology 7. How do behaviors and thinking vary across situation/ cultures? Socio-cultural Psychology Match each of the following: 1. Hindsight Bias D 2. Example of Overconfidence B 3. Overconfidence A 4. Example of Hindsight Bias C A. When you think you know more than you actually do B. Fact/Falsehood questionnaire: predicted correct>actual correct C. Sportscasters saying “of course we knew this would happen” after watching a game even though they did not know the outcome prior to the game D. After you know the outcome of an event you tend to believe that you would have predicted it Research Methods in Psychology 1. What is a hypothesis? A testable prediction 2. Which of the following is NOT an example of descriptive research? a. Case study b. Unobtrusive observation c. Participant observation d. Correlation research e. Survey research 3. Which of the following is a weakness of both case studies and observational research? a. Limited generalizability b. Order of questions c. Lacks external validity 4. The case of Phinneas Gage is an example of a(n) case study because researchers were examining one person in depth to understand human nature in general. 5. Two types of observational research are participant observation and unobtrusive observation. 6. Unrepresentative samples, order of questions, and question wording are all examples of limits to survey research. 7. What are the three types of correlation? Positive, negative, and no correlation 8. TRUE OR FALSE: Correlation can prove causation. 9. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment while the dependent variable is the variable that changes as a result of the manipulation. 10. Which of the following is NOT a strength of experimental research? a. External validity b. Gain control over situation c. Can determine cause and effect Statistics Match each of the following terms with its definition. 1. Mode C a. From lowest to highest score 2. Median E b. Average score 3. Range A c. Most often reported 4. Statistical significance 5. Mean D B d. Shows whether two groups are really different e. Middle score Neuroscience Match the part of the neuron to its corresponding function. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Dendrite Cell body Axon Myelin sheath Axon terminals (buttons) Synapse Receptor cells G C F A E D B A. Fatty substance that encases the axons of some cells, increases speed of transmission B. Locations on the dendrite of the next neuron; NT’s bind to receptor sites and the whole process begins anew C. basic cell functions D. Small space between the axons of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell E. Stores and eventually releases enzymes called neurotransmitters F. the “out box,” sends signals to other neurons or effector cell (muscles) G. “in box,” Receives signals from sensory structures or other neurons Neuron Communication What is the resting state of neurons in mv? -70 mv When the dendrite is stimulated, positive ions flow into the cell until a threshold of how many mv is reached? -65 mv True or False: When the action potential is triggered, it is an all or nothing response. After the wave moves down the axon, where does it reach? The axon terminal Where are the neurotransmitters released into? The synapse True or False: The neurotransmitter can excite the next neuron or inhibit the next neuron. The brief period when the neuron is unable to fire again is known as what? The refractory period The process where excess neurotransmitters are taken back for reuse in the axon of the neuron that released them is known as what? Reuptake Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine: Movement, learning, memory Too little: Alzheimers, dementia Endorphins: Natural pain reliever, stress, from eating chocolate and athletics Serotonin: Mood, sleep, hunger, and arousal Too little: Depression Dopamine: Movement, learning, attention, and emotion Too much- Schizophrenia Too little- Parkinson’s Disease GABA: Eating and sleeping; Inhibitory, rather than excitatory Too little- Anxiety Disorders Drugs- Effects on Neurotransmitters Fill in the blank for each of the following. Agonist: Mimic the action of the neurotransmitter ○ Bind at NT sites (receptor sites) ○ Blocks reuptake of NT (leaving more) ○ Counteracts enzymes that clean out synapse ○ Example? GABA (Valium/Xanax); Serotonin (Prozac/Zoloft) Antagonists: Block the action of NT ○ Block  Neurotransmitters sites ○ Destroying Neurotransmitters (leaving less) ○ Decreases effectiveness of Neurotransmitters ○ Example? Dopamine (Haldol) What are the two divisions of the nervous system? Peripheral and Central Nervous System What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? Autonomic (involuntary), Somatic (voluntary) Types of Neurons 1.Sensory Neurons 2. Motor Neurons 3. Interneurons A C B What was phrenology? A. (afferent), body to brain, specialized for different sensations B. Does communication between motor and sensory neurons C. (efferent), brain back to body Outdated theory that related the behaviors to bumps in the brain Neuroimaging Fill in the blank for each of the following. A CAT-scan is a neuroimaging technique that takes an x-ray of the brain, and cannot actually show activity within the brain. An MRI bombards the brain with radio waves and active areas produce different magnetic fields than inactive areas. A PET-scan is when a patient is Injected with radioactive glucose and active areas in the brain use the glucose and glow Which lobe of the brain contains the motor cortex? Frontal Lobe The sensory cortex is in which lobe of the brain? Parietal Lobe Which lobe is primarily involved in vision? Occipital Lobe Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in auditory, language, and memory processes? Temporal Lobe The right side of the body is controlled by which hemisphere of the brain? Left Hemisphere The left visual field is processed by which hemisphere? Right Hemisphere List the characteristics associated with the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Left Hemisphere ● ● ● ● RIght Hemisphere Logical Analytical Detailed Literal ● ● ● Visual Holistic processing Creativity The membrane that connects and divides the halves of the brain and allows both sides to communicate with each other is known as what? Corpus Callosum What is the result of severing the corpus callosum? Two different brains that can’t communicate with each other. Nature vs. Nurture 1. Evolutionary Psychology Explain human behaviors/traits by examining the long term reproductive disadvantages/advantages of said traits and behaviors. 2. Any two humans will have 0.5% genetic variation, which means they will have 99.5% similarity in their genes. 3. Do we tend to see different patterns based on different environmental pressures? Yes Ex. Tammy’s hair type based on where ancestors are from Men and women differ in their willingness to engage in sexual activity: a. According to evolutionary psychologists, what are men less concerned about? ● Having multiple partners ● Knowing well ● Partners level of commitment b. Describe the experiment done by evolutionary psychologists to support the claim above. What were their findings and how does evolutionary psychology explain these findings? One attractive male and one attractive female went to other students and asked to have sex, complete strangers, 70% men say yes and 0% of women say yes, women have fewer opportunities to have children so must be selective, look for wealth, status and power, men could have thousands of kids, want to promote their genes and find young attractive women. 4. Men are quicker to interpret “attention” as sexual intent. 5. What are the three main problems with evolutionary psychology? a. Data is correlational b. Just so stories, backward reasoning c. Variation 6. Behavior genetics is an approach to understanding the extent to which behavior/trait differences can be attributed to genetic differences. Researchers use three different types of research studies to investigate behavior genetics. 7. Twins Raised Together a. This type of research study compares the similarities between identical (100% same genes) reared together vs. fraternal (genetic similarity of siblings) reared together. General findings: Identical twins much more similar to each other than fraternal Possible problem: Identical twins might be raised more similar than fraternal 8. Twins Raised Apart a. This type of research study compares similarities between identical twins raised apart. General findings: Identical twins raised apart are remarkably similar to each other Possible problems: Never mentioned the differences, normal unrelated people can also be very similar General findings about fraternal twins raised apart: Identical twins are more similar, unaffected by age of separation, small but consistent effect Circle the correct answer: According to adoption studies... 1. Personality is based on: A) Biology  B) Environment C) Both 2. IQ is based on: A) Biology B) Environment C) Both 3. Values are based on: A) Biology B) Environment C) Both 4. Temperament is based on: A) Biology B) Environment C) Both 5. Nature refers to: A) Genes  B) Environment 6. Nurture refers to: A) Genes B) Environment Nurture 1. How did Rosenzweig use baby rats to explore the effects of nurture on brain development and what did they find? Rats placed into different environments (isolation or playmates and toys) heavier more complex brains due to stimulation from playmates and toys, proves that early environment matters 2. After reading the findings from Rosenzweig’s study, what questions should we consider? a. Do neural changes translate into a cognitive or emotional advantage? i. Yes b. Is stimulation enough? i. No, need interaction. 1. Ex. Mozart music to babies 3. Freud believed that parents exert a huge influence on their developing children. However, this was found to be only somewhat true. Parental influence has only mild effects. 4. Peers seen to have a huge influence on their friends. Name three things that peers have a huge influence on: a. Smoking, alcohol, and drug use b. Language development c. Toddler food preferences 5. Do birds of a genetic feather flock together? True or False? What are the evolutionary explanations for this? 1. Makes sense to bond with peers, most time is at school, talk like peers, peers are future employers 6. Culture refers to the behaviors, ideas and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. 7. How can cultural norms affect behavior? a. Personal space b. Formality c. Pace d. Expressiveness 8. Could cultural differences be biological? No because generational differences within a culture Nature vs. Nurture - Sex and Gender In the chart below, provide a list of the things that make Sex and Gender different: Sex ● ● ● Nature Biological, ○ Chromosomes, anatomy, hormones Male, female, or intersex 1. How can testosterones affect behavior? a. Antisocial behavior b. Aggression c. Hostility d. Prosocial e. Dominance Gender ● ● ● Nurture Psychological behavior, social cultural aspect of being male or females Men, women,non-binary, gender queer, gender fluid, transgender 2. Women in situations where they are instructed to “wild power” show increased in testosterone. 3. Men show increases in testosterone after winning an athletic competition. 4. Gender Roles are the set of societally determined expectations about what is appropriate for a particular gender. 5. How do gender roles shape our behavior? a. Observational learning i. Ex. Little girl will dress like other little girls in their class ii. Ex. little boy cries, gets made fun of, will not cry in the future due to reinforcement 6. Gender Identity is your own perception of your gender. 7. Girls tend to score higher than boys in spatial reasoning tests: True or False? Nature vs Nurture- Conclusions True or False 1. Both genes and environment influence behavior. True or False? 2. It is easy to distinguish the relative contributions of genes vs. environment for any particular behavior. True or False? 3. It is easy to predict any given behavior by controlling the genes on the environment. True or False? Development Match each of the following: 1.Rooting 5 Hold infant slightly off the floor and he will make walking movements 2.Blinking 3 Hold infant and drop him slightly and he will reach with his hand and legs 3.Moro 1 Touch a newborn’s cheeks with your finger and she starts sucking 4.Grasping 2 Flash lights or wave hand in your newborn’s eyes and he will blink 5.Stepping 4 Put your finger in a newborn’s hand and baby will grasp finger 1. What are the three preferences that infants have? a. Facelike images b. Sound and smell of mother c. Human voices 2. How does evolution explain these preferences? Need food and comfort to survive Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development 1. Stage theory states that humans move through predictable stages, at a specific age, and in unchangeable order. 2. A basic assumption is that children are active thinkers who try to construct more accurate/advanced understanding of the world. 3. How do children construct knowledge? a. Assimilation (schema) b. Accommodation (new schema) Explain each of Piaget’s proposed stages 1. Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage When? Birth to two years old What is it? Learn relationships between actions and real world cause and effect What are the three things that happen during this stage? 1. Attachment 2. Motor Activities 3. Object permanence 2. Stage 2- Preoperational Stage When? Two to Seven years old What is it? When child acquires ability to form mental images of objects and events so they can represent world in words What are the four things that happen during this stage? 1. Symbolic Play 2. Egocentric 3. Lack of conservation 4. Can’t use logic or do mental operations 3. Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage 4. Stage 4- Logic Concrete Operational Stage **Read more about these stages in your textbook** Social Development 1. Attachment is a strong emotional bond infants develop with their caregiver. Styles of Attachment: What happens? 1. Secure Attachment Child: may cry when separated, but then explores new place. When mom returns, they go to her. Parent: knows when to support and when to let go 2. Avoidant/Insecure Attachment Child: doesn’t cry when left; acts like stranger is the parent; avoids mom on return Parent: cold, distant, kid not highest priority 3. Ambivalent/Insecure Child: seeks mom when she leaves but when she returns, fluctuates between seeking and rejecting mom Parent: inconsistent treatment of child, hot/cold 4. Disorganized Child: not well defined Parent: not well defined What are the long term effects of attachment? 1. Relationship Styles 2. Sociability Securely attached: 1. Comfortable in relationships 2. Depend on partner 3. Seek Closeness Avoidant/Insecure: 1. Uncomfortable getting close to others 2. Trust Issues 3. Feels partner is clingy Ambivalent/Insecure: 1. Fear others 2. Worry partner doesn't love them 3. Reluctant to get close Describe Harlow’s attachment experiment with baby monkeys: Cloth mother had milk, wire mother didn’t: preferred cloth mother Wire mom had milk, cloth mother didn’t : preferred cloth mother What mom did the monkeys prefer? Cloth Mother Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian High demands/low responsiveness Ruled based parenting, kids must obey, no explanation is given for punishment. 2. Permissive Low demands/high responsiveness Warm parenting, never hold child responsible, no rules. 3. Authoritative High demands/high responsiveness Sets rules and explain, discusses choices and consequences. 4. Uninvolved Low demand/low responsiveness Shows little interest in child, neglects child. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development 1. Pre-conventional Age: Birth to Age Nine ● Concerned about how morality is judged on consequences ● Good behaviors rewarded ● Bad behaviors punished 2. Conventional Age: Early Adolescence ● Rules of Society ● Social Ideas ● Try to please others by being good members of society 3. Post-conventional Age: Late Adolescence ● Ethics ● Personal goals