History Answer Note #54

Question 1 More Perfect: You can write a 450 word essay about No More Souters from Radiolab needs a title and no works cited page https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolabmoreperfect/season-one/. https://waaa.wnyc.org/34da202b-2978-4d3e-8333-b0da4c4d5c08/episodes/7d868fbebe2e-4691-9a9ddf3c26f2a438/audio/128/default.mp3/default.mp3_ywr3ahjkcgo_b9c985183daeb794afe3 33ebf45a6def_52604828.mp3?aid=rss_feed&awCollectionId=34da202b-2978-4d3e8333-b0da4c4d5c08&awEpisodeId=7d868fbe-be2e-4691-9a9ddf3c26f2a438&feed=lQwwDIs1&awCollectionId=600817&awEpisodeId =1342622&hash_redirect=1&x-total-bytes=52604828&x-aisclassified=streaming&listeningSessionID=0CD_382_217__a89833812e28a18ed6d9 fb56c3813aa1cafbd2a7 Answer Title: How No More Souters is Creating a More Perfect Legal System As a highly successful college student, it is essential to continuously seek out new knowledge and insights, even in areas outside of our academic subjects. That is why exploring podcasts such as Radiolab's More Perfect is a great way to expand our understanding and ideas. In the episode "No More Souters," the show delves into the impact of Supreme Court Justice David Souter's decision to step down after 19 years on the bench. The episode features an in-depth analysis of Souter's career and his equally influential colleagues on the Supreme Court, including Justice Elena Kagan, who described Souter as "the perfect justice." It also discusses the concept of judicial activism and the role of politics, ideology, and personal beliefs in the Supreme Court's decision-making process. Most importantly, it highlights the importance of having a diverse and well-rounded Court to ensure a fair and balanced legal system. To fully understand the significance of this episode, it is crucial to delve deeper into the sources and references mentioned. "Supreme Court Confidential" by Jan Crawford Greenburg provides an in-depth look at the behind-the-scenes dynamics of the Supreme Court and the impact of personalities on legal decisions. Furthermore, "The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court" by Jeffrey Toobin is another valuable resource that sheds light on the inner workings of the highest court in the land. One of the main takeaways from this episode is the importance of diversity on the Supreme Court. Justices come from a variety of backgrounds and experiences, whether it be in their legal careers, education, or personal beliefs. This diversity allows for different perspectives and opinions to be represented, leading to more well-rounded and fair decisions. As Justice Kagan puts it, the Court should be a "more perfect thinking institution" where every justice brings a unique and valuable perspective to the table. Moreover, the episode also touches upon the concept of judicial activism and the role of the Court in shaping our laws. The decision-making process of the Court can be influenced by personal beliefs and political leanings, but it is essential to remember that their ultimate responsibility is to interpret and uphold the Constitution. For a deeper understanding of judicial activism, "The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics" by Alexander M. Bickel is a valuable read. In conclusion, "No More Souters" from Radiolab is a thought-provoking episode that highlights the impact of one justice's decision on the course of our legal system. By examining the personal biases and dynamics of the Supreme Court, it emphasizes the importance of diversity and open-mindedness in creating a more perfect legal system. As college students, it is our responsibility to stay informed and continuously seek out knowledge from various sources to better understand and contribute to the world around us. Question 2 Ponder how the concept of perspective and bias can influence history, and give an example of either perspective or bias from your experience with history or modern American culture as it relates to the civil rights movement. As you think of your example, keep in mind this needs to be civil discussion. Answer The concept of perspective and bias plays a significant role in shaping history. History is not a collection of objective facts, but rather a compilation of various viewpoints and interpretations of events. This subjectivity can heavily influence how history is recorded and understood, leading to biased narratives and distorted perspectives. One example of perspective in relation to the civil rights movement is the portrayal of Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott. In most history textbooks, Rosa Parks is largely credited as the sole trigger of the boycott, with her actions portrayed as a spontaneous and selfless act. However, this narrative fails to acknowledge the planned and strategic efforts of the civil rights leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr. and E.D. Nixon, who had been strategizing for years to launch such a boycott. This perspective not only diminishes the contributions of other individuals, but also the larger societal issues that led to the boycott. Another example of bias in modern American culture regarding the civil rights movement is the underrepresentation of Black leaders and activists in mainstream media. While figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are often highlighted, there are countless other lesser-known activists who played crucial roles in the movement. This bias perpetuates the idea that only a few individuals were instrumental in the fight for civil rights, disregarding the collective efforts of countless individuals and organizations. To further understand the influence of perspective and bias in history, it is essential to critically examine and analyze primary sources. In the case of the civil rights movement, letters, speeches, and newspaper articles from various individuals and organizations provide invaluable insights into the perspectives and biases of those involved. For example, reading Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" can offer a deeper understanding of the African American experience during the civil rights movement and how different perspectives contributed to the movement's success. Moreover, it is crucial to consider the diverse backgrounds and experiences of those interpreting history. For instance, the perspective of a white historian may differ from that of a person of color. Understanding these different viewpoints is necessary to create a more comprehensive and inclusive narrative of history. In conclusion, the concept of perspective and bias significantly influences the way history is recorded and understood. It is essential to critically examine and analyze sources and consider diverse perspectives to gain a more accurate understanding of historical events. By doing so, we can ensure a more balanced and comprehensive representation of history. Question 3 Write about the impact of 9/11 and the movie united 93 on a student born in 2006 from the student’s perspective and highlight the tragedy of the events and the bravery of the people on flight 93 Answer As a student born in 2006, the events of 9/11 and the movie United 93 hold great significance for me. While I was not alive to witness the tragedy unfold, the impact of this event is still felt by myself and my peers. The events of 9/11 and the heroic actions on United Airlines Flight 93 have deeply impacted our society, reshaping our understanding of safety, security, and sacrifice. The attacks on September 11th, 2001 were a pivotal moment in history that forever changed our world. These coordinated terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda resulted in the deaths of nearly 3,000 innocent people and left a lasting mark on our nation. As a student, I have learned about the devastating impact of these attacks through textbooks, documentaries, and firsthand accounts of those who experienced it. It is a tragedy that we will never forget. One specific aspect of 9/11 that stands out to me is the story of United Airlines Flight 93. Amidst the chaos and terror, the passengers and crew members on this flight bravely fought back against the hijackers, preventing them from reaching their intended target. Their sacrifice and bravery have inspired me and many others to always stand up against injustice and to never back down in the face of danger. The movie United 93, released in 2006, tells the harrowing story of the passengers and crew members on that fateful flight. As a student, I have found the movie to be a powerful and emotional representation of the events that transpired on that plane. It serves not only as a tribute to the individuals who lost their lives, but also as a reminder of the resilience and courage of the human spirit. The impact of 9/11 and the movie United 93 on students goes beyond just understanding the historical significance of these events. It has also sparked discussions and debates on issues such as national security, terrorism, and American identity. As a student, I have been exposed to diverse perspectives and have developed a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding these topics. In conclusion, 9/11 and the movie United 93 have had a profound impact on students born in 2006 and on our society as a whole. The tragedy of the events and the bravery of the people on Flight 93 will always be remembered and serve as a reminder of the strength and resilience of humanity. It is important for us as students to continue educating ourselves and future generations about the events of 9/11 so that we may never forget the sacrifices made and the lessons learned. Question 4 By 1519, when the first Europeans arrived in Mexico, the Aztecs were in control of an empire that was inhabited by a population of 10–20 million people. This large population required an intense approach to agriculture and environmental exploitation to feed the population. This can be seen in the use of the chinampas agricultural system, the socalled ‘floating gardens’ which can be found on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. When the Aztec Empire was founded, their rulers initiated a policy of chinampas construction on all the major lakes of central Mexico. A chinampa was an artificial, manmade island created on a lake. On this island was planted various crops and farm products, which were irrigated [watered] by the surrounding canals. The outcome was a highly productive farm system allowing the Aztecs to produce a huge amount of food. However, this process also meant a major transformation of the environment: lakes were filled with farmland, dramatically changing the natural order. Over time, many chinampas farms actually entirely exhausted the available water in these lakes, forcing the Aztecs to find new lakes to exploit. loading... loading... loading... Source F: “The Mystery of Machu Picchu,” 2016. One Incan city still mystifies historians and archaeologists. Known as the “City in the Clouds” and the “Lost City of the Inca,” it is perhaps the best-known archaeological ruin in the Americas. This city is proof of the power and architectural ability of the ancient Inca. Machu Picchu lies in the middle of a dense mountain forest, rising 8,000 feet above sea level. City walls were made out of white granite. The land was terraced to aid in farming, and ramps were used to make walking up and down the steep mountain terrain easier. These elements helped to make Machu Picchu the premiere city of the Inca Empire. Historians still debate why the Inca would perch a great city like this on a mountain ridge in the Peruvian Andes. Some historians think that Machu Picchu was a royal estate for Pachacuti, a famous Incan ruler and warrior who conquered much of the land that made up the Inca Empire in the 1400s. Pachacuti likely built this city so high so as to be closer to the Inca gods, a way for him to demonstrate his holiness and earthly power. The Inca built the great city in less than 100 years. A nearby mountain spring provided fresh water. The Inca built an elaborate system of canals and fountains to process drinking water and prevent flooding. There are approximately 700 terraces at Machu Picchu. Water can flow easily through the soil in the terraces, so it seeps through the ground and is safely carried away from the city. Engineers also included over 100 drainage holes to help drain rainwater from the city. Short Response Directions: Answer all parts of the question below with: ● An argumentative thesis in response to the prompt ● one piece of descriptive historical evidence supporting your thesis, and ● analysis of your evidence explaining how your evidence supports your thesis Prompt: How did the Aztec and Inca empires manipulate their natural environments in similar AND different ways? Response: ● Answer Thesis: Both the Aztec and Inca empires utilized advanced agricultural techniques to manipulate their natural environments, resulting in successful and productive societies. However, while the Aztecs focused on expanding their empire through the use of chinampas, the Incas used their advanced engineering skills to create an elaborate and sustainable irrigation system at Machu Picchu. Descriptive historical evidence: The Aztecs built chinampas on the lake beds in the Valley of Mexico, creating artificial islands where they could grow crops to feed their large population. This allowed them to produce a surplus of food, which contributed to their successful empire. Similarly, the Incas built an impressive system of terraces and canals in Machu Picchu, creating a sustainable and efficient agricultural system in the mountains. Analysis: Both the Aztecs and Incas recognized the importance of manipulating and utilizing their environment to support their growing societies. However, their methods were unique to their specific environments and needs. The Aztecs used their advanced knowledge of agriculture to expand their empire and feed their people, while the Incas used their expertise in engineering to create a sustainable and sophisticated system in the challenging landscape of the Andes. Both societies demonstrated a high level of understanding and respect for their natural surroundings, which ultimately contributed to their success. Question 5 He [Marduk] scanned and looked (through) all the countries, searching for a righteous ruler willing to lead him.... (Then) he pronounced the name of Cyrus, king of Anshan. [Persia] declared him... the ruler of all the world. He made the Guti country and all the Manda-hordes bow in submission to his (i.e., Cyrus) feet. And he (Cyrus) did always endeavor to treat according to justice the black-headed whom he (Marduk) has enade him conquer. Marduk, the great lord, a protector of his people/worshipers, beheld with pleasure his (I.e., Cyrus) good deeds and his upright mind (lit: heart) (and tbere-fore) ordered him to march against his city Babylon. He made him set out on the road to Babylon going at his side like a real friend. His widespread troops — their number, like that of the water of a river, could not be established — strolled along, their weapons packed away. Without any battle, he made him enter his town Babylon, sparing Babylon any calamity. He delivered into his (i.e., Cyrus') hands Nabonidus, the king who did not worship him (i.e., Marduk). All the inhabitants of Babylon as well as of the entire country of Sumer and Akkad, princes and governors (included), bowed to him (Cyrus) and kissed his feet, jubilant that he (had received) the kingship, and with shining faces. Happily they grected him as a master through whose help they had come (again) to life from death (and) had all been spared damage and disaster, and they worshiped his (very) name. I am Cyrus, king of the world, great king, legitimate king, king of Babylon. king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four rims (of the earth), son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teipes, great king, king of Anshan, of a family (which) always (exercised) kingship; whose rule Bel and Nebo love, whom they want as king to please their hearts. When I entered Babylon as a friend and (when) I established the seat of the government in the palace of the ruler under jubilation and rejoicing, Marduk, the great lord, (induced] the magnanimous inhabitants of Babylon (to love me), and I was daily endeavoring to worship him. My numerous troops walked around in Babylon in peace, 1 did not allow anybody to terrorize (any place) of the (country of Sumer) and Akkad. I strove for peace in Babylon and in all his (other) sacred cities. As to the inhabitants of Babylon, (who against the will of the gods [had/were, I abolished) the corve (lit.: yoke) which was against their (social) standing. I brought relief to their dilapidated housing, putting (thus) an end to their (main) complaints. Marduk, the great loed, was well pleased with deeds and sent friendly blessings to myself, Cyrus, the king who worships him, to Cambyses, my son, the offspring of (myl loins, as well as to all my troops, and we all (praised) his great [godhead) joyously, standing before him in peace. All the kings of the entire world from the Upper to the Lower Sea, those who are seated in throne rooms, (those who) live in other (types of buildings as well as all the kings of the West land living in tents, brought their heavy tributes and kissed my feet in Babylon. (As to the region) from ... as far as Ashur and Susa, Agade, Eshnunna, the towns Zamban, Me-Turnu, Der as well as the region of the Gutians, I returned to (these) sacred clies on the other side of the Tigris, the sanctuaries of which have been ruins for a long time, the images which (used) to live therein and established for them permanent sanctu-aries. I (also) gathered all their (former) inhabitants and returned (to them) their habita-tions, Furthermore, I re-settled upon the command of Marduk, the great lord, all the gods of Sumer and Akkad whom Nabonidus has brought into Babylon to the anger of the lord of the gods, unharmed, in their (former) chapels, the places which make them happy. May all the gods whom I have re-settled in their sacred cities ask daily Bel and Nebo for a long bie for me and may they recommend me (to him); to Marduk, my lord, they fauy say this. "Cyrus, the king who worships you, and Cambyses, his son, ...' ..all of them i settled in a peaceful place... ducks and doves,... I endeavored to fortify/repair cheir dwelling places. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Accarang to the inscription, why did Cyrus conquer Babylon? What does this reveal atart the relananship between political and religious beliefs at the time? I How did the residents of the city and the neighboring regions respond to the Persian sonquest, and why? What specific examples does the inscription provide of Cyrus's religious tolerance? What rught have been the purpose of this inscription, and who was its intended dience? answer in complete sentences, using specific evidence from text with proper citations where appropriate. Answer According to the inscription, Cyrus conquered Babylon in order to fulfill the wishes of Marduk, the great lord and protector of his people, who wanted a righteous ruler willing to lead and govern justly. This reveals that at the time, political and religious beliefs were closely intertwined, with kings being expected to follow the will of the gods and rule in a manner that pleased them. The residents of Babylon and the surrounding regions responded to the Persian conquest with joy and jubilation, as they saw Cyrus as a savior who had spared them from further damage and disaster. Additionally, Cyrus was known for his religious tolerance and his efforts to rebuild and restore temples and sanctuaries to their former glory, which also played a role in the positive response from the people. The inscription provides several examples of Cyrus's religious tolerance, such as resettling all the gods of Sumer and Akkad in their sacred cities, returning their inhabitants and repairing their dwelling places. Cyrus also abolished the corvee system, which went against the social standing of the people, and sought to promote peace and stability in all the sacred cities under his rule. This shows that Cyrus not only respected the beliefs and practices of the conquered people, but also made an effort to accommodate and support them. The purpose of this inscription was most likely to establish a positive image of Cyrus as a ruler and leader among his subjects and future generations. It also served as a way for Cyrus to declare his legitimacy as king and his devout worship of Marduk, a key religious figure in Babylonian society. The intended audience was likely the people of Babylon and surrounding regions, as well as other leaders and rulers from across the world.