Biology Answer Note #27

Question 1 Hypotheses 1. "Tomato plants grown with compost will grow faster and taller than those grown with artificial fertilizer." Hypotheses 2. " Tomato plants grown with artficial fertilizer will grow faster and taller than those grown with compost" Choose one of the hypotheses to make a prediction. Answer Based on the available literature and research on plant growth, I predict that Hypothesis 1 - "Tomato plants grown with compost will grow faster and taller than those grown with artificial fertilizer" - is more likely to be supported. In conclusion, based on the above sources and the mechanism of action for each, it is more likely that Hypothesis 1 will be supported. Compost application not only provides plants with nutrients, but also improves soil health and promotes better root growth, leading to taller and faster-growing tomato plants. However, it is worth noting that the results may vary depending on the specific type and quality of compost and synthetic fertilizer used. Further research is needed to fully understand the impact of these two methods on plant growth. Question 2 explain this definiton in laymans terms: Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by the replacement of the normal liver architecture by regenerating nodules of hepatocytes which are surrounded by bands of fibrosis Answer Cirrhosis is a medical condition that affects the liver, causing it to become damaged and scarred. This damage is caused by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with regenerating nodules, which are small clusters of liver cells. These nodules are then surrounded by bands of fibrosis, which is an excessive buildup of connective tissue in the liver. This process results in a decrease in the liver's ability to function properly, and can lead to serious health complications. In simpler terms, cirrhosis is when the liver becomes damaged and hard due to the growth of new liver cells and excess connective tissue. Question 3 In this lab we will be isolating chloroplast form plant cells using which type of centrifugation? A. isopycnic centrifugation B. differential centrifugation C. rate zonal centrifugation D. density gradient centrifugation Answer Good question! In this lab, we will be using differential centrifugation to isolate chloroplasts from plant cells. This method involves separating cellular components based on their size and density differences. Differential centrifugation begins with homogenization, where plant cells are ruptured to release their contents. The homogenate is then subjected to centrifugation, where it is spun at increasing speeds. This causes the heavier chloroplasts to collect at the bottom of the tube, while lighter components such as mitochondria and debris will form layers above it. Question 4 How to remember red blood cell Count, hematocrit , haemogoblin, numbers for male and female easy Answer Remembering the numbers for red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin can be a challenge, but with the right approach, it can be easier than you think. Here are some tips to help you remember these important numbers for both males and females. 1. Understand the basics: Before trying to remember the numbers, it's important to understand what these terms mean. Red blood cell count refers to the number of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood, while hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. Hemoglobin, on the other hand, is the protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. 2. Visualize the numbers: One way to remember numbers is by visualizing them. For example, the normal range for red blood cell count for males is 4.7-6.1 million cells per microliter, and for females 4.2-5.4 million cells per microliter. You can imagine the numbers 46 and 54, which are the average range for each gender, as two separate groups standing side by side. 3. Use acronyms: Another helpful tip is to use acronyms to remember the numbers. For instance, you can use the acronym HHH to remember the normal range for hemoglobin in males (13.5-17.5 grams per deciliter) and WHH for females (12-16 grams per deciliter). You can create your own acronyms or use ones that are already known, like ABC for red blood cell count, HCT for hematocrit, and HGB for hemoglobin. 4. Study regularly: Consistent studying and repetition are crucial for memorizing any type of information. Take some time each day to review the normal ranges for these numbers, and test yourself to see how much you remember. With frequent practice, you'll be able to recall the numbers more easily. Question 5 in a short nucleotide chain consisting of three nucleotides each of different bases, how many different sequences are possible? Answer The answer to this question can be found by applying the fundamental principles of genetics and molecular biology. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The four possible bases in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). As per the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA encodes for RNA which ultimately produces proteins, thus making it crucial for the functioning of living organisms. A short nucleotide chain consisting of three nucleotides each of different bases is known as a codon. As there are four different bases in a codon, the total possible combinations that can be formed are 4 x 4 x 4 = 64. This is because each nucleotide position in a codon can be filled with any of the four bases, giving us 4 possible combinations for the first position, followed by 4 possibilities for the second position, and finally 4 for the third position. Thus, there are 64 different sequences possible for a short nucleotide chain consisting of three nucleotides each of different bases. However, not all of these 64 sequences will encode for unique amino acids. This is because there are only 20 different amino acids found in nature, and some of these amino acids can be encoded by more than one codon. For example, the amino acid lysine can be encoded by the codons AAA and AAG. Therefore, the actual number of unique amino acid sequences that can be encoded by three nucleotides is 61; the remaining 3 are stop codons, which signal the end of a protein. To further illustrate this, let us consider a simple example. The codon sequence A-G-C can be assembled in 6 different ways, as follows: AGC, GAC, CAG, CGA, GCA, and ACG. Out of these 6, only 2 (AGC and GAC) will encode for the same amino acid, serine. Therefore, there are only 5 different amino acids that can be encoded by the codon sequence A-G-C.