Understanding Ethics Questions

Chapter 1: Understanding Ethics True / False Questions 1. (p. 4) The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" behavior. TRUE The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" behavior. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.1 2. (p. 4) Moral standards are based on religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs by which judgments are made about good or bad behavior. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 3. (p. 4) A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to society. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 4. (p. 4) Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis as you observe the examples, both positive and negative, set by everyone around you—parents, family members, friends, peers, and neighbors. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 5. (p. 4) Individuals acquire their personal moral standards in the same way that they learn the alphabet. FALSE Individuals acquire their personal moral standards by osmosis as you observe the examples, both positive and negative, set by everyone around you—parents, family members, friends, peers, and neighbors. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 6. (p. 4) A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior refers to a value system. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 7. (p. 4) The terms morals and values do not mean the same thing. FALSE The terms morals and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 8. (p. 4) A person's values have a specific worth to them. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 9. (p. 4 - 5) An intrinsic value, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 10. (p. 5) An intrinsic value means that the pursuit of a one value is a good way to reach another value. FALSE The pursuit of one value to reach another value is an instrumental value. Foe example, money is valued for what it can buy. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 11. (p. 5) There are clearly defined rules of right and wrong, and you should live your life in direct observance of those rules. FALSE We would like to believe that there are clearly defined rules of right and wrong and that you can live your life in direct observance of those rules. However, it is more likely that situations will arise that will require exceptions to those rules. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 12. (p. 5) 12. Simple truth is one of the four basic categories of ethics and can be expressed simply as doing the right thing. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 13. (p. 5) 13. Typically people do share the same interpretation of what "the right thing" is, but they may not share the same commitment in doing it. FALSE Typically people do not share the same interpretation of what "the right thing" is, and they may not share the same commitment in doing it. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 14. (p. 5) Superman has become a fictional representation of personal integrity. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 15. (p. 5) Rules of appropriate individual behavior represent the idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis in our behavior and the other types of decisions we make. TRUE Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 16. (p. 6) "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is the golden rule. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 17. (p. 6) Every religion in the world shares the golden rule. FALSE This is simple and very clear rule is shared by many different religions in the world. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.2 18. (p. 6) Aristotle believed in individual character and integrity, and established a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal – what sort of person would I like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person? TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 19. (p. 6) Virtue ethics is the concept of living your life according to the achievement of clear and similar virtues. FALSE Thee problem with virtue ethics is that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues. For example, Greek society at the time of Aristotle valued wisdom, courage, and justice. By contrast, Christian societies value faith, hope, and charity. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 20. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 21. (p. 6) The problem with ethics for the greater good is the idea that the ends justify the means. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 22. (p. 6) The problem with utilitarianism is the focus on doing the most good for a select few, such as Adolf Hitler and the idea of launching a national genocide against Jews on the utilitarian grounds of restoring the Aryan race. FALSE The problem with this approach to ethics is the idea of doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party launched a national genocide against Jews and "defective" people on the utilitarian grounds of restoring the Aryan race. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 23. (p. 6) Universal ethics argue that there are certain universal principles that should apply to all ethical judgments. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 24. (p. 7) The problem with universal ethics is that no one is held accountable for the consequences of actions taken to abide by those principles. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 25. (p. 8) Applied ethics is the study of how ethical theories are put into practice. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 26. (p. 7) Ethical relativism is where the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.4 27. (p. 8) Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice. FALSE The study of how ethical theories are put into practice is applied ethics. Ethical dilemmas are situations in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 28. (p. 8) An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 29. (p. 8) The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 30. (p. 9) Usually an ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem. FALSE Usually an ethical dilemma cannot really be resolved in the sense that a resolution of the problem implies a satisfactory answer to the problem. Since, in reality, the "answer" to an ethical dilemma is often the lesser of two evils, it is questionable to assume that there will always be an acceptable answer— it's more a question of whether or not you can arrive at an outcome you can live with. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 31. (p. 9) The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the consequences. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 32. (p. 9) Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. With this ethical dilemma, the first thing Joe must do is analyze the actions without thinking about consequences. FALSE The first thing he must do is analyze the consequences. Bloom's: Applying Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 33. (p. 9) The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to evaluate the results of your decision. FALSE The final step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to make a decision. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 34. (p. 10) Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions you should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma. FALSE Arthur Dobrin identified eight questions to consider when resolving an ethical dilemma. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 35. (p. 10) The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and then drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards. TRUE Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 36. (p. 10) Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 37. (p. 10 - 11) The first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is preconventional. FALSE The first stage is obedience and punishment orientation. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 38. (p. 11) The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law and order. FALSE The third stage is "Good boy/nice girl" orientation. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 39. (p. 11) In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person is focused on meeting the expectations of friends and coworkers and how something will affect their life. FALSE The third stage is "Good boy/nice girl" orientation, and a person is focused on meeting the expectations of family members—that is, something is right or wrong because it pleases those family members. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.5 40. (p. 11) The highest level of ethical reasoning is the post-conventional level. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 41. (p. 12) According to Kohlberg's framework, an individual can jump beyond the next stage of his or her six stages. FALSE According to Kohlberg, an individual cannot jump beyond the next stage. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.5 42. (p. 12) Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues and dilemmas at a level so far beyond his or her life experience and education. TRUE Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 Multiple Choice Questions 43. (p. 4) ______ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of right" or "wrong" behavior. A. Morality B. Ethics C. Virtuosity D. Philosophy Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.1 44. (p. 4) All of the following are sources of individuals' moral standards except: A. Family B. Religion C. Government D. Friends Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 45. (p. 4) A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to _________. A. neighborhood B. global Village C. cult D. society Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 46. (p. 4) _______ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals. A. Culture B. Role C. Morals D. Norm Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 47. (p. 4) When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term _______. A. moral system B. value system C. ethical system D. instrumental system Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 48. (p. 4) The terms _________ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life. A. instrumental system B. outcomes C. morals D. lessons Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 49. (p. 4) An _______ is a value that is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake. A. intrinsic value B. extrinsic value C. instrumental value D. external value Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 50. (p. 4 - 5) An _________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake. A. extrinsic value B. external value C. instrumental value D. intrinsic value Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 51. (p. 5) An _______ is where the pursuit of that value is a good way to reach another value. A. intrinsic value B. extrinsic value C. instrumental value D. external value Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 52. (p. 5) The impact of a person's or a group's _______ can be seen in the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values. A. ethics B. morality C. religion D. value system Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 53. (p. 5) What is it that makes the study of ethics so complex? A. Constant change B. The grey area C. Differing religions D. Black and white decisions Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 54. (p. 5) Which of the following is not one of the four basic categories of ethics? A. Personal integrity B. Rules of appropriate individual behavior C. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society D. Stretched truth Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 55. (p. 5) ________ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support. A. Personal integrity B. Rules of appropriate individual behavior C. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society D. A simple truth Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 56. (p. 5) Which of the following defines simple truth? A. The idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis. B. The idea that we must bring our personal value systems into a world that we share with people who may have different value systems. C. Doing the right thing. D. Viewing one's behavior from an external, rather than an internal, viewpoint. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 57. (p. 5) All of the following represent the ideal of personal integrity except: A. Scrooge McDuck B. Batman C. Superman D. Spider-Man Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 58. (p. 6) For some, the _______ rule best expresses the goal of living an ethical life: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. A. golden B. virtuous C. moral justice D. equality Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 59. (p. 6) Ethical theories can be divided into the following categories except: A. Virtue ethics B. Ethics for the greater good C. Rational ethics D. Universal ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 60. (p. 6) ______ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal. A. Universal ethics B. Ethics for the greater good C. Utilitarianism D. Virtue ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 61. (p. 6) Which of the following faces the problem that societies can place different emphases on different virtues? A. Normative ethics B. Utilitarianism C. Virtue ethics D. Universal ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 62. (p. 6) The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _______. A. philosophical ethics B. virtue ethics C. moral ethics D. societal ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 63. (p. 6) _______ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves. A. Ethics for the greater good B. Normative ethics C. Ethical relativism D. Utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 64. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good, a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves is also referred to as __________. A. virtue ethics B. normative ethics C. ethical relativism D. utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 65. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher ______. A. David Hume B. Joseph Badaracco C. Aristotle D. Lawrence Kohlberg Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 66. (p. 6) The problem with _______ is the idea that the ends justify the means. A. ethics for the greater good B. normative ethics C. ethical relativism D. utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 67. (p. 6) The problem with utilitarianism is A. it is a gray area. B. constant change. C. not everyone is committed to doing the right thing. D. the idea that the ends justify the means. Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 68. (p. 6) The theory of ______ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation. A. normative ethics B. universal ethics C. virtue ethics D. utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 69. (p. 7) According to the theory of _______, the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles. A. ethics for the greater good B. normative ethics C. ethical relativism D. utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.4 70. (p. 8) The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _______. A. applied ethics B. normative ethics C. descriptive ethics D. meta-ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 71. (p. 9) Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is facing an ethical ______. A. choice B. dilemma C. impasse D. preference Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 72. (p. 9) An ethical _______ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer. A. choice B. dilemma C. impasse D. preference Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 73. (p. 8) The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community _______. A. there are no grey areas B. after extensive research and discussion, there is always a clear right answer C. people will usually act ethically when presented with the right choice D. are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 74. (p. 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______. A. analyze the consequences B. analyze the problem C. make a decision D. analyze the actions Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 75. (p. 10) The second step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______. A. analyze the consequences B. analyze the problem C. make a decision D. analyze the actions Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 76. (p. 10) The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _______. A. analyze the consequences B. analyze the problem C. make a decision D. analyze the actions Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 77. (p. 10) All of the following are questions identified by Arthur Dorbin to resolve an ethical dilemma except: A. What do your feelings tell you? B. What are the alternatives? C. What are the facts? D. What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another? Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 78. (p. 10) Arthur Dobrin identified ___ questions you should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma. A. 8 B. 6 C. 10 D. 15 Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 79. (p. 10) _______ looks at the information available to us in resolving an ethical dilemma, and draws conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards. A. Ethical framework B. Philosophical logic C. Ethical reasoning D. Moral reasoning Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 80. (p. 10) Which of the following is the lowest level of moral development? A. Preconventional B. Conventional C. Postconventional D. Social contract Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 81. (p. 11) How many stages are in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning? A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 82. (p. 11) The _______ stage focuses on the avoidance of punishment and deference to power and authority. A. "good boy/nice girl" orientation B. law and order orientation C. principled conscience D. obedience and punishment orientation Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 83. (p. 11) At the _______ stage, a person focuses on self-chosen ethical principles that are comprehensive and consistent. A. "good boy/nice girl" orientation B. law and order orientation C. principled conscience D. obedience and punishment orientation Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 84. (p. 11) The _______ stage focuses on individual rights and the development of standards based on critical examination. A. social-contract legalistic orientation B. law and order orientation C. principled conscience D. obedience and punishment orientation Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 85. (p. 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of _______. A. resolving ethical dilemmas B. ethical reasoning C. ethical relativism D. applied ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 Fill in the Blank Questions 86. (p. 4) __________________________ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of right" or "wrong" behavior. Ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.1 87. (p. 4) A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to _____________________________. society Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 88. (p. 4) _________________________ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals. Culture Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 89. (p. 4) When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term ______________________. value system Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 90. (p. 4) The terms _______________________ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life. morals Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 91. (p. 4 - 5) An ______________________, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake. intrinsic value Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 92. (p. 5) The impact of a person's or a group's _____________________________ can be seen in the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values. value system Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 93. (p. 5) The ___________________________ makes the study of ethics so complex. grey area Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 94. (p. 5) ________________________ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support. A simple truth Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 95. (p. 6) _________________________ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal. Virtue ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 96. (p. 6) ___________________________________ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves. Ethics for the greater good Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 97. (p. 6) Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher ______________________________. David Hume Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 98. (p. 6) The theory of _____________________________ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation. universal ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 99. (p. 7) According to the theory of ___________________________, the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles. ethical relativism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.4 100. (p. 9) Due to new competitors, Joe feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the customer. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is facing an ethical _______________. dilemma Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 101. (p. 9) An ethical ______________________ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer. dilemma Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 102. (p. 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to analyze the _________________. consequences Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 103. (p. 10) The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to make a ___________________. decision Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 104. (p. 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of ethical ______________. reasoning Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 Essay Questions 105. (p. 5) Name and discuss the four categories of doing the right thing. Simple truth—right and wrong or good and bad; question of someone's personal character—his or her integrity; rules of appropriate individual behavior; rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 106. (p. 4 - 5) Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value. Intrinsic value–a value that is a good thing in itself; it is pursued for its own sake, whether anything good comes from the pursuit or not. An example would be happiness or health. In contrast, the pursuit of an instrumental value is a good way to reach another value. For example, money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself. Bloom's: Analyzing Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 107. (p. 6 - 7) Name and discuss the three categories of ethical theories. Virtue ethics: Living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal; ethics for the greater good: A theory focused on the outcomes of your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of actions themselves; universal ethics: Actions placed within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation. Bloom's: Analyzing Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 108. (p. 6 - 7) Discuss at least one weakness of each of the ethical theories. Virtue ethics can create value conflict. Therefore, conflict can occur if the virtues you hope to achieve fail to reflect the values of the society in which you live; ethics for the greater good emphasizes the idea that the ends justify the means; universal ethics focus on abiding by a universal principle; however, no one is accountable for the consequences of actions taken to abide by these principles. Bloom's: Analyzing Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 109. (p. 6) Discuss utilitarianism. Utilitarianism, also known as ethics for the greater good is more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves—that is, a focus on the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Originally proposed by a Scottish philosopher named David Hume, this approach to ethics is also referred to as utilitarianism. The problem with this approach to ethics is the idea that the ends justify the means. If all you focus on is doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people, no one is accountable for the actions that are taken to achieve that outcome. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 110. (p. 8 - 12) Define ethical dilemma. Give an example of an ethical dilemma. Explain the process to resolve it. Ethical Dilemma - a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer. Examples and explanations of the process to resolve it will vary. Bloom's: Applying Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 111. (p. 7 - 8) Discuss ethical relativism. Ethical relativism—Concept that the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 112. (p. 10) Identify the eight questions offered by Arthur Dobrin for consideration when resolving an ethical dilemma. Do you believe these questions could help you? Explain. 1. What are the facts? 2. What can you guess about the facts you don't know? 3. What do the facts mean? 4. What does the problem look like through the eyes of people involved? 5. What will happen if you choose one thing rather than another? 6. What do your feelings tell you? 7. What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another? 8. Can you explain and justify your decision to others? Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 113. (p. 10 - 12) Briefly describe the three stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's framework for ethical reasoning. Preconventional: At this lowest level of moral development, a person's response to a perception of right and wrong is directly linked to expectations of punishment or reward; Conventional: At this level, a person becomes increasingly aware of broader influences outside of the family; Post-conventional: At this highest level of ethical reasoning, a person makes a clear effort to define principles and moral values that reflect an individual value system, rather than simply reflecting the group position. Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3