Anatomy Concept 3 Anatomy Basics

VOCABULARY • Anatomy = - The study of bodily structures • Histology = - The study of tissues • Cytology = - The study of cells • Physiology = - The study of bodily functions • Anatomical position = - The standard position used as a reference point for directional terms; where a person is standing up with feet slightly apart and arms at their sides • Axial = - Head, neck, and trunk VOCABULARY • Appendicular = - Appendages (limbs) • Superior (cranial) = - Toward the upper part; above • Inferior (caudal) = - Away from the upper part; toward the lower part; below • Anterior (ventral) = - Toward or at the front of the body; in front of • Posterior (dorsal) = - Toward or at the back of the body; behind • Medial = - Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of VOCABULARY • Lateral = - Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of • Intermediate = - In between • Proximal = - Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body trunk • Distal = - Farther from the point where the limb attaches to the body trunk • Superficial = - Toward or at the body surface • Deep = - Away from the body surface VOCABULARY • Body planes = - Flat surfaces used to divide the body into different sections • Sagittal = - Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections • Midsagittal = - A sagittal plane that crosses through the midline of the body • Parasagittal = - A sagittal plane that does not cross through the midline of the body • Frontal (coronal) = - Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back) • Transverse (cross section) = - Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections (above and below) VOCABULARY • Cutaneous membrane = - Skin, the covering of the body’s surface • Mucous membrane = - Mucosae; lines all body cavities that open to the outside of the body • Serous membrane = - Serosa; lines ventral body cavities that are closed as well as covers many organs • Parietal membrane = - Type of serous membrane that lines the body cavity • Visceral membrane = - Type of serous membrane that covers internal organs • Meninges = - The membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord in the dorsal body cavity VOCABULARY • Tissues = - Groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together for a common function • Organ = - A distinct structure made up of at least 2 different types of tissues • Glands = - One or more cells that create and secrete different products - Exocrine = externally secreting (Ex. Sweat as a product) - Endocrine = internally secreting (Ex. Hormones as products) • Neuron = - Highly specialized nerve cells that make up nervous tissue and generate and conduct nerve impulses OBJECTIVES 1. Create a chart to distinguish between the functions and key structures of the 12 main organ systems. ORGAN SYSTEM MAIN FUNCTIONS KEY STRUCTURES Skeletal system Support, protection, and movement Bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage Muscular system Movement and stabilization Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles Nervous system Collect, process, and respond to sensory info Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs Endocrine system Production and secretion of hormones for regulation Cardiovascular system Gas exchange and nutrient transport Hypothalamus and glands Heart, blood vessels, and blood Respiratory system Gas exchange Lungs, nose, mouth, trachea, and diaphragm OBJECTIVES 1. Create a chart to distinguish between the functions and key structures of the 12 main organ systems. ORGAN SYSTEM MAIN FUNCTIONS KEY STRUCTURES Digestive system Break down food and absorb nutrients Alimentary canal (GI tract) Urinary system Water balance, waste elimination, blood filter and volume regulator Kidneys and bladder Integumentary system Protection, temperature and water regulation Skin, hair, nails, and associated glands Immune system Protection Lymphatic system Filtering and protecting Reproductive system Reproduce and nurture developing offspring Blood vessels, thymus, bone marrow, spleen Lymph nodes, blood and lymphatic vessels Testes, penis, vagina, uterus, and ovaries OBJECTIVES 2. Contrast the dorsal and ventral body cavities. • Dorsal – entire cavity encased in bony structures for protection of the fragile nervous system organs, and includes the cranial and vertebral cavities • Ventral – a less protected cavity to allow more mobility, housing the visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities OBJECTIVES 3. List each type of body cavity covered in class with a brief description of its purpose. • Cranial: holds the brain • Vertebral (spinal): holds the spinal cord with bony vertebrae • Thoracic: holds the heart (pericardial cavity) and lungs (pleural cavity) • Abdominal: holds the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc. • Pelvic: holds the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum • Oral: holds mouth, teeth, and tongue • Digestive: connects oral cavity all the way to the rectum • Nasal: within and behind the nose • Orbital: holds the eyes • Middle ear: contain tiny bones medial to the eardrums • Synovial: joint cavities OBJECTIVES 4. Explain the importance of each of the four types of tissues that make up the human body. • Epithelial tissue – covers body surfaces and lines body cavities to form boundaries as well as protect, absorb and filter substances • Connective tissue – supports, protects, insulates, transports, and binds other tissues together • Muscle tissue – tightly packed cells working together to allow contractions that cause movement • Nervous tissue – make up nervous system organs that control communication and regulation OBJECTIVES 5. Differentiate between the functions of the 4 types of connective tissue. • Connective tissue proper – insulates, protects, and stores energy • Cartilage – supports, cushions, and protects organs from external environment • Bone – supports and protects organs from external environment • Blood – transports substances throughout body OBJECTIVES 6. Sketch a flowchart/concept map to show the diversity among the different types of connective tissue. OBJECTIVES 7. Draw an example of each type of muscle tissue and explain the unique role each plays. • Skeletal – muscles attached to bones that control voluntary movements • Smooth – muscles that involuntarily propel substances or objects along internal passageways • Cardiac – muscles of the heart that involuntarily contract to propel blood into circulation throughout the body OBJECTIVES 8. Given a diagram or description, identify the body region, body plane, and/or body cavity. 9. Describe the location of various body parts in relation to others using appropriate anatomical vocabulary, including regional terms. 10.Given a diagram or description, be able to differentiate and identify the type of tissue. 11.Classify epithelial tissue based on the number of cell layers and cell shape.