Chapter 6 Review Guide Bones and Skeletal Tissue

Chapter 6 Review Guide: Bones and Skeletal Tissue NOTE: THESE PAGE & FIGURE REFERENCES MAY BE SLIGHTLY OFF! 8) Compact bone. C 9) Location of the epiphyseal line. B 10) Area where yellow marrow is found. D 11) Area with articular cartilage. A A) Comminuted B) Spiral C) Greenstick 15) An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children. C 16) Bone fragments into many pieces. A 17) Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force. B B) Canaliculi C) Osteoblasts A) Endosteum 18) The lining of the marrow cavity. A 19) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix. D 20) Layers of bone matrix. E 21) Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone. B 22) Cells that can build bony matrix. C 1 D) Osteoclasts E) Lamellae A) Chondrocytes B) Appositional growth C) Epiphyseal line D) Diaphysis E) Epiphyseal plate 23) The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification. A 24) The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface. B 25) The area of long bones which lengthens as cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells. D 26) The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth. 27) Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place. C E True/False Questions 1) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. T 2) Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone. F 4) The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels. F 5) Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light. F 6) In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow. F 7) The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk. T 8) The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones. T 9) Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is inorganic (mostly calcium phosphate salts called hydroxyapatites). T F 10) All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones. 11) An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only. T 12) The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress. T 13) Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation. F 2 14) Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions. T 15) Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes. T 16) Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth. F Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? Page Ref: 177-179 A) spongy bone B) irregular bone C) compact bone D) trabecular bone 2) Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. Page Ref: 178 A) fat C) elastic tissue B) blood-forming cells D) Sharpey's fibers 4) What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? Page Ref: 183 A) elastic connective tissue C) fibrocartilage B) dense fibrous connective tissue D) hyaline cartilage 5) What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) increased osteoclast activity Page Ref: 186 6) A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. Page Ref: 177 A) epiphysis C) diaphysis B) metaphysis D) articular cartilage 9) Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A) drinking fluoridated water B) decreasing weight-bearing exercise C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) decreasing exposure to the sun Page Ref: 192 10) Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) takes twice as long as diaphysis Page Ref: 185 11) Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces? A) lacunae C) epiphyseal plate B) Haversian system D) epiphyseal line Page Ref: 185 3 12) Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood? Page Ref: 186 A) growth hormone C) parathyroid hormone B) calcium D) thyroid hormone 13) Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) support C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) B) storage of minerals D) communication Page Ref: 176 14) What is the structural unit of compact bone? A) osseous matrix B) spongy bone C) lamellar bone D) the osteon Page Ref: 181 15) Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts B) marrow and osteons D) chondrocytes and osteocytes Page 178 16) The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ______. A) Volkmann's canals C) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage D) struts of bone called spicules Page 178 17) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae C) yellow marrow and spicules B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts D) blood vessels & nerve fibers P. 181 19) For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D) A medullary cavity forms. Page Ref: 185; Fig. 6.9 20) The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. A) closing of the epiphyseal plate B) long bones reaching adult length and width C) appositional growth D) concentric growth Page Ref: 186 21) Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? Page Ref: 187 A) osteoclast B) osteocyte C) osteoblast D) stem cell 22) Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? Page Ref: 186 A) calcitonin C) parathyroid hormone B) thyroxine D) estrogen 4